External Focus in Long Jump Performance: A Systematic Review

Silva, Geovani Messias da; Bezerra, Maria Eduarda Crescencio

doi:10.1123/mc.2020-0037

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…While a few studies have systematically reviewed the benefits of attentional focus on specific motor tasks/performance (i.e., balancing and long jump) in the general population [37,38], the effects on specific groups of population, such as healthy older adults, remain unclear and warrant an investigation to synthesize the existing evidence. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review that investigates how internal focus and external focus affect motor performance in older adults, a population that is more representative of clinical and rehabilitative application.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional Focus Strategies to Improve Motor Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Chen

Mak

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Previous literature shows the beneficial effects of an external focus of attention on various sports skills in young adults. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of external and internal focus of attention on motor performance in healthy older adults. The literature search was conducted in five electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science). Eighteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Most of the motor tasks targeting older adults were related to postural control and gait. Over 60% of the included studies reported that the effect of an external focus was superior to that of an internal focus on motor performance in older adults. An external focus generally results in better motor performance than an internal focus among healthy older adults. However, the advantage of an external focus on locomotion may not be as significant as those illustrated in previous attentional focus studies. A challenging cognitive task may allow more automatic motor control than an external focus. Practitioners might provide clear instruction cues guiding performers to divert their attention away from their body and towards the movement effect for better performance, particularly in balancing tasks.

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Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional Focus Strategies to Improve Motor Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Chen

Mak

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…Taken together, this effect is termed the constrained action hypothesis (100). However, researchers have mainly investigated the effect of attentional focus within mixed populations (untrained, trained, and athletes (32,41,58,67)), and no systematic review has addressed the effect for competitive athletes, with the analysis of lower-body kinetics or EMG measures (54). Accordingly, this may help S&C coaches to optimize their coaching practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional Focus Effects on Lower-Limb Muscular Strength in Athletes: A Systematic Review

Pompa,

Carson,

Beato

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Pompa, D, Carson, HJ, Beato, M, di Fronso, S, and Bertollo, M. Attentional focus effects on lower-limb muscular strength in athletes: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2023—Evidence links an athlete's focus of attention to enhancing strength performance. However, additional research is needed to investigate the applicability of studies beyond the tasks and population currently examined. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review studies concerning attentional focus effects on strength characteristics on lower-limb tasks in athletes. Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases were searched using PRISMA PERSIST guidelines and keywords related to the focus of attention, force production processes, and athletes. Subjects were categorized: world class (tier 5); elite (tier 4); highly trained (tier 3); trained/developmental (tier 2); nonathletes (tiers 1–0); and mixed (different levels). Fifteen of 296 studies met the inclusion criteria. Included studies investigated the focus of attention effects on performance (n = 6), between skill levels (n = 2), and for learning (n = 5), with respect to subject preference (n = 1); one study did not state the aim. Studies achieved an average risk of bias score of “excellent”; however, findings suffered in the assessment of certainty. Only 2 studies reported an advantage for one type of attentional focus (external focus) across conditions (g = 0.13–0.42) with tier 2 and mixed tier athletes. Research does not address the needs of elite athletes, and there is limited evidence on each type of strength characteristics and muscle action. There is also a need to incorporate methodological steps to promote task-relevant instructions. Research should focus on contextualized information within professional practice to offer stronger translational implications for athletes and coaches.

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A crossover study on attentional focus and gross motor performance in individuals with Down syndrome

Cavaggioni,

Ardigò,

Castiglioni

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Little is known about the effect of using an attentional focus instruction on motor performance in people with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, this study explored the effects of different attentional focus instructions on gross motor skill performances in individuals with Down syndrome. Seven community-dwelling participants (age 25.2±3.2 yrs, height 1.70±0.04 m, body mass 72.0±6.3 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Motor performance on 5-meter running (5m sprint), vertical jump (countermovement jump with arm swing, CMJ), broad jump (standing broad jump, SBJ), forward medball throw (FMBT) or overhead medball backward throw (OMBT) and rising-up from a chair (five repetition sit-to-stand, 5STS) were recorded while performing internal-focus (IF) or external-focus (EF) instructions. EF induced significantly (p<0.05) better performance than IF in CMJ (EF: 15±9 cm; IF: 11±8 cm, median ±interquartile range), SBJ (EF: 0.8±1.05 m; IF: 0.5±1.0 m), FMBT (EF: 1.5±1.4 m; IF: 1.4±1.1 m), OMBT (EF: 4.0±1.5 m; IF: 3.6±1.1 m) and 5STS (EF: 14.2±5.4; IF:15.3±7.7 s). The time over the 5m sprint tended to be shorter with EF (4.0±2.0 s) than IF (5.05±3.3 s) but the difference did not reach the statistical significance (p = 0.29). Physical trainers and school teachers should be encouraged to manage different types of attentional focus instructions to improve cognitive and gross motor performances in persons with Down syndrome.

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External Focus in Long Jump Performance: A Systematic Review

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Attentional Focus Strategies to Improve Motor Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Attentional Focus Strategies to Improve Motor Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Attentional Focus Effects on Lower-Limb Muscular Strength in Athletes: A Systematic Review

A crossover study on attentional focus and gross motor performance in individuals with Down syndrome

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