External Costs as Competitiveness Factors for Freight Transport — A State of the Art

Design and management of freight transport networks: intermodal transport and externalities

“…This insight has already been highlighted by Bouchery and Fransoo (2015) who state that high volumes and short PPH distances make intermodal transport attractive on short and medium distances. The importance of short PPH distances in terms of intermodal competitiveness, especially from the perspective of externalities, has also been underlined in Mostert and Limbourg (2016). The conclusions of Janic (2008) showing that, in some cases, the internalization of external costs may lead to a lower attractiveness of intermodal transport, rather than when only operational costs are considered, reinforces the need for particularly considering short PPH distances.…”

“…In the literature, no general nonlinear formulation for IWW costs has been found, which was modelling IWW costs as a nonlinear function of the weight transported (Mostert and Limbourg, 2016). In order to remain coherent in the formulation of IWW functions, we modelled IWW economies of scale through the use of three different barge sizes, both for costs and emissions.…”

“…The definitions of the cost and emission functions are described in section 5.8 (Eurostat, 2014;Janic, 2007;Janic, 2008;Mostert and Limbourg, 2016;PWC, 2003). The focus is on the two extreme cases of the Pareto curve, i.e.…”

“…For ensuring intermodal competitiveness both in terms of economic and environmental issues, it is of strategic importance to correctly locate intermodal terminals (Mostert and Limbourg, 2016). The location of terminals determines the PPH distances of trucks between the terminals and the origin/destination nodes.…”

“…the last part of the travel, is done by truck until the final destination node. The main benefits of intermodal transport lie in the reduced costs and externalities of the environmentally friendly long-haul transport (Mostert and Limbourg, 2016).…”