External Beam Radiotherapy Increases the Risk of Bladder Cancer When Compared with Radical Prostatectomy in Patients Affected by Prostate Cancer: A Population-based Analysis

Long‐term incidence of secondary bladder and rectal cancer in patients treated with brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: a large‐scale population‐based analysis

“…In addition, we observed that EBRT and BT+EBRT were also associated with higher risk of secondary malignancies. These data confirm those previously reported in historical, as well as contemporary population‐based analyses . However, given the limited information provided by the SEER database regarding EBRT field, dose and fractioning, key variables for determining potential adverse events after EBRT, these findings did not represent the focus of the present analysis and, therefore, should be investigated further in prospective studies.…”

“…Some important limitations of the present study are acknowledged. First and foremost, the study has the limitations of similar retrospective SEER database studies . Moreover, it is plausible that additional biases that originate from variables that are not included in the SEER database remained unaccounted for.…”

“…Patients with PCa receiving radiation therapies are known to be at higher risk of secondary malignancies . Of those, secondary BCa and RCa account for most diagnoses ; however, there is a lack of data on contemporary secondary BCa and RCa rates in patients with PCa treated with BT, and conflicting results regarding the elevated risk have also been reported .…”

The Risk of Second Primary Cancers in Prostate Cancer Survivors Treated in the Modern Radiotherapy Era

“…Bladder cancer is the most commonly reported radiationinduced SPC after RT for PCa. A recent study of Moschini et al (25), comparing RT with prostatectomy, showed increased rates of bladder cancer from 1year follow-up onwards. Wallis et al (7) showed that studies with and without a latency period of 5 years observed similar excess risks for bladder cancer (7).…”

Immune Modulation in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Androgen Receptor (AR)-Targeted Therapy

“…We observed a higher incidence of second cancers, especially solid tumors, in prostate cancer patients treated with hormonal therapies mainly during HSPC status. Moreover, we might assume a potential immune modulation by external beam radiotherapy (as well a possible result by DNA damage from radiation), as demonstrated by the highest incidence of colorectal cancer and bladder cancer as second tumors in ours and other studies [31][32][33]-even urothelial carcinoma represents a well-known secondary effect of radiation therapy toxicity.…”