Exterieur und Leistungsfähigkeit des Pferdes mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gliedmaßen‐winkelung und Schrittlängenverhältnisse

A review of research on equine locomotion and biomechanics

“…However, no change occurs in the timing or coordination of limbs, stride frequency, stride length or vertical acceleration of the body when the horse is ridden at the walk, trot or gallop by riders of different weight (Duzek, Ehrlein, Engelhardt and Htimicke 1970) or when carrying loads of between 20 and 30 per cent of the horse's body mass (Taylor, Heglund, McMahon and Looney 1980). The interrelationships between velocity, stride length and stride frequency and the factors which influence each of these components of locomotion in the horse have been examined by Heglund, Taylor and McMahon (19741, Dukk et a1 (1970) and others (Rtisiti 1927; Kronacher and Ogrizek 1931;Wagener 1934;Franke 1935; Duiek and DuHek (1963); Dulek 1974a, b), but are still not clearly understood. The interrelationships between velocity, stride length and stride frequency and the factors which influence each of these components of locomotion in the horse have been examined by Heglund, Taylor and McMahon (19741, Dukk et a1 (1970) and others (Rtisiti 1927; Kronacher and Ogrizek 1931;Wagener 1934;Franke 1935; Duiek and DuHek (1963); Dulek 1974a, b), but are still not clearly understood.…”

“…Earlier works on the trotter (Bethcke 1930) suggested that body proportions could not be used as an index of performance ability but Kronacher and Ogrizek (1931) indicated that the length of bones, such as the humerus and femur, may be related to the length of step. Most horsemen and authors (eg, Adams 1974) predict locomotor potential from standing conformation although an objective evaluation of this has not yet been performed.…”

Variation in frontal plane joint angles in horses

“…Quantitative methods of conformation and gait assessment have since been developed, that allow evidence‐based assessment of conformation. Initially, these involved tape measures and goniometers, then photography (Kronacher and Ogrizek 1931) and videography (Hunt et al . 1999), later superseded by motion analysis systems (Weller et al .…”

“…Quantitative methods of conformation and gait assessment have since been developed, that allow evidence-based assessment of conformation. Initially, these involved tape measures and goniometers, then photography (Kronacher and Ogrizek 1931) and videography (Hunt et al 1999), later superseded by motion analysis systems (Weller et al 2006c). The use of motion analysis over photography and videography resolves geometric errors associated with the acquisition of 2-dimensional (2D) images from 3D structures, and is independent of camera position relative to the horse (Weller et al 2006c).…”

Studies on the conformation and related traits of Standardbred trotters in Sweden

“…The repeatability varies for different conformational points (GRUNDLER 1980). Objective methods have been used in research work and are most often based on measurements on the live horse (SCHMALTZ 1906;SCHOTTLER 1910;Rosro 1927) or from photographs with the assistence of reference points (KRONACHER and OGRIZEK 1932;LANGLOIS 1979).…”