Extent of cutaneous metabolism during percutaneous absorption of xenobiotics

Metabolism of Propranolol during Percutaneous Absorption in Human Skin

“…Metabolites 7,8, and 2 (naphthoxywetic acid, Scheme I) have been identified 88 produda of liver metabolism of pcopranolok14-16 lower concentration of these metabolites in the skin compared with the liver is in agreement with the observation of lower enzymatic activities of the skin compared with the liver for a number of compounds. 6 The presence of metabolite X in the receptor fluid of skin samples A and B and its absence in the receptor fluid of skin muma C and D might be due to high activities or induction of the enzyme responsible for the formation of the metabolite in the donors of skin samples A and B.…”

Dermal Toxicity of a Repellent Formulation Containing <i>Piper Aduncum</i> Linnaeus (Piperales: Piperaceae) Essential Oil

“…However, according to Bronaugh et al (1989), the rabbit skin is more sensitive than human skin, thus the results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. Studies have shown that rabbits exhibit stronger irritation reactions compared to humans (Ishii et al, 2013;Roggeband et al, 2000).…”

Butylhydroxytoluol (BHT) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2004]

“…Nach Applikation von radioaktiv markiertem BHT in einem Aceton-haltigen Vehikel (ca. 5 mg BHT/cm 2 ; 15 ml Aceton/cm 2 ) auf präparierte Rückenhaut von Ratten (200 mm stark, 0,64 cm 2 ) waren nach 24 Stunden 2,3% der Radioaktivität durch die Haut penetriert und 11,1% der applizierten Dosis verblieben in der Haut (Bronaugh et al 1989. Bei einer dermalen In-vitro-Studie wurde BHT in einer Dosis von 200 ml/cm 2 auf Schweinehaut appliziert und nach 30 Minuten abgewaschen.…”