“…With strong climatic forcings (including low greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, large ice sheets, and low sea level, etc. ), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is one of the key periods that provides an opportunity to better understand the mechanisms of how global and regional climate respond to external forcings (Hewitt et al, 2001;Braconnot et al, 2007Braconnot et al, , 2012aHarrison et al, 2014). Previous studies have investigated how the external forcings and boundary conditions during the LGM affected the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (Broccoli et al, 2006;Donohoe et al, 2013;McGee et al, 2014), the Walker circulation (DiNezio et al, 2011), the Indo-Pacific climate (Xu et al, 2010;DiNezio and Tierney, 2013;DiNezio et al, 2016), the Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation (Rojas, 2013), and the global monsoon (Jiang et al, 2015;Yan et al, 2016).…”