Extensive open ocean aquaculture development within wind farms in Germany: the prospect of offshore co-management and legal constraints

Buck, Bela H.; Krause, Gesche; Rosenthal, H.

doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.04.002

Cited by 129 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Unfortunately, the longline and grid systems installed in harsh offshore conditions were not robust enough as there was a considerable stress on support material and algae during floatation mode (Lüning and Buchholz 1996;Buck 2004;Buck and Buchholz 2004a, b). As the idea of utilizing the foundations of offshore wind generators for the fixation of aquaculture systems is intriguing, these co-use concepts were the main driver to keep on working with seaweeds offshore infrastructures (e.g., Buck 2002;Krause et al 2003;Buck et al 2004). As a consequence, the ring construction was modified several times until it reached its final design and resisted any kind of possible sea condition in the North Sea.…”

Section: Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

Offshore and Multi-Use Aquaculture with Extractive Species: Seaweeds and Bivalves

Buck

Nevejan

Wille

et al. 2017

Aquaculture Perspective of Multi-Use Sites in the Open Ocean

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Aquaculture of extractive species, such as bivalves and macroalgae, already supplies a large amount of the production consumed worldwide, and further production is steadily increasing. Moving aquaculture operations off the coast as well as combining various uses at one site, commonly called multi-use aquaculture, is still in its infancy. Various projects worldwide, pioneered in Germany and later accompanied by other European projects, such as in Belgium, The Netherlands, Norway, as well as other international projects in the Republic of Korea and the USA, to name a few, started to invest in robust technologies and to investigate in system design needed that species can be farmed to market size in high energy environments. There are a few running enterprises with extractive species offshore, however, multi-use scenarios as well as offshore IMTA concepts are still on project scale. This will change soon as the demand is dramatically increasing and space is limited.

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Section: Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

Offshore and Multi-Use Aquaculture with Extractive Species: Seaweeds and Bivalves

Buck

Nevejan

Wille

et al. 2017

Aquaculture Perspective of Multi-Use Sites in the Open Ocean

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“…The concept of co-locating commercial farms with established and emerging open ocean private sector activities, that is ocean wind farms and oil and gas drilling, has come to the fore front in recent years (Bridger 2004;Buck et al 2004). A perceived major advantage of co-location is that the much needed energy generating activities have an existing regulatory framework that may be utilized for siting aquaculture and that permitting/leasing mechanisms are lacking or poorly developed for open ocean aquaculture in most countries (Holmer 2013).…”

Section: Aquaculture Co-located With Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While strong analytical arguments have been made for incorporating aquaculture into the planning of wind farms and to some extent oil and gas platforms, actual demonstrations are few and small scale (Buck et al 2004;Bridger 2004;Mee 2006). Cultivation of seaweed and blue mussels have been demonstrated to be biologically and technically feasible in the high energy ocean environment of the North Sea (Buck et al 2004(Buck et al , 2008.…”

Section: Aquaculture Co-located With Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation and Permitting of Standalone and Co-located Open Ocean Aquaculture Facilities

Corbin¹,

Holmyard

Lindell

2017

Aquaculture Perspective of Multi-Use Sites in the Open Ocean

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Aquaculture will be the dominant producer of global seafood in the 21st Century and the emerging open ocean farming sector must play an important role. Current concepts for utilizing the ocean for aquaculture in national Exclusive Economic Zones, include; standalone structures for growing shellfish and finfish and aquaculture production facilities co-located with other, compatible ocean uses, e.g., offshore oil platforms and wind energy towers. There may also be potential for multiple use of marine space incorporating aquaculture at different trophic levels together with artificial reefs, recreational angling and diving and commercial fishing using static gear. This chapter examines the global status of open ocean aquaculture (OOA), stand alone and co-located projects, in national ocean jurisdictions. Regulatory regimes and experiences permitting OOA shellfish and finfish farming in the United States and shellfish farming in the United Kingdom are shared. Examples of the permitting process from several U. S. states are also cited. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are offered to assist nations in formulating and implementing regulatory systems to effectively facilitate commercial aquaculture development in the open ocean environment.

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“…Globally, it has been well recognized that there is an increased need to conserve ocean ecosystems and to use ocean space as efficiently as possible, thus requiring planning for multiple uses of compatible activities, and the development of strategies to promote, enhance, and optimize the multiple uses in order to protect ocean ecosystems and conserve ocean space (Buck et al 2004;Mee 2006). That said, all of these activities planned in the offshore realm require strong policy backing with effective governance arrangements and clear multi-use management goals in place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite not all countries officially ratifying the UNCLOS to date, most have endorsed the concept of the rights and duties pertaining to Exclusive Economic Zone definitions (Buck et al 2004). Nonetheless, managing the complexities surrounding marine governance issues including equitable access to offshore marine resources requires policies that take account of the structures and principles relevant to decision-making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Governance and Offshore Aquaculture in Multi-resource Use Settings

Krause

Stead

2017

Aquaculture Perspective of Multi-Use Sites in the Open Ocean

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The notion of the sea as a seemingly endless source of resources has long dominated marine governance. This is despite that different perceptions and valuation systems underlie the institutional structures that govern and manage marine systems. Socio-political considerations cover the whole range of stakeholders and their type of involvement in the establishment and operation of multi-use offshore systems. However, within the vast variety of regulations inside the EU, the EU Member States as well as in North America, their implementation for offshore multi-use settings is as yet incipient and examples of best practice in multi-use scenarios are needed. These need to combine different knowledge systems (e.g. authorities, decision-makers, local communities, science, etc.) to generate effective insights into the management of multiple uses of ocean space and to complement risk-justified decision-making. Pre-existing social networks can provide significant political leverage for governance transformations as required for the move offshore. That said, a range of organizational and social challenges related to the collective use of a defined ocean territory have to be taken into account. For instance, the creation and compliance with defined responsibilities and duties or the introduction of cross-sectoral management lines, such as an offshore co-management, that integrates the different demands and practices of the involved parties within an operational scheme that is practical on a day to day manner are in case in point. Indeed, how people perceive and value marine environments and the resources they provide determines individual and collective preferences, actions and strategies in the marine realm.

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Extensive open ocean aquaculture development within wind farms in Germany: the prospect of offshore co-management and legal constraints

Cited by 129 publications

References 8 publications

Offshore and Multi-Use Aquaculture with Extractive Species: Seaweeds and Bivalves

Offshore and Multi-Use Aquaculture with Extractive Species: Seaweeds and Bivalves

Regulation and Permitting of Standalone and Co-located Open Ocean Aquaculture Facilities

Governance and Offshore Aquaculture in Multi-resource Use Settings

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