Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Vietnam features extensive ethnolinguistic diversity and occupies a key position in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Yet, the genetic diversity of Vietnam remains relatively unexplored, especially with genome-wide data, because previous studies have focused mainly on the majority Kinh group. Here we analyze newly-generated genome-wide SNP data for the Kinh and 21 additional ethnic groups in Vietnam, encompassing all five major language families in MSEA. In addition to analyzing the allele and haplotype sharing within the Vietnamese groups, we incorporate published data from both nearby modern populations and ancient samples for comparison. We find that the Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups harbor multiple sources of genetic diversity that are associated with heterogeneous ancestry sharing profiles in each language family. However, linguistic diversity does not completely match genetic diversity; there have been extensive interactions between the Hmong-Mien and Tai-Kadai groups, and a likely case of cultural diffusion in which some Austro-Asiatic groups shifted to Austronesian languages. Overall, our results highlight the importance of genome-wide data from dense sampling of ethnolinguistic groups in providing new insights into the genetic diversity and history of an ethnolinguistically-diverse region, such as Vietnam.</jats:p>

Ancient farmer and steppe pastoralist-related founding lineages contributed to the complex landscape of episodes in the diversification of Chinese paternal lineages

“…S7B). Previous research showed that the paternal lineages observed in the Liangzhu populations from the Yangtze River Delta were mostly O1a-M119 and in the Taiwan Hanben individuals were mostly O1a1 sublineages (Li et al 2007;, and rice farmers carrying O1a-M119 in the YZRB were likely to be the direct ancestors of modern TK and AN speakers, they migrated southward along the southeast coast of China to Southeast/Southwest China and mainland Southeast Asia (Liu et al 2020;. We observed that O1a1a1b was found at the highest frequency in Hainan, especially in Li people, and its haplogroup frequency showed a general south-to-north decline, suggesting that Li-related ancestors made significant contributions to other southern Chinese populations (Fig.…”

Fine-Scale Population Admixture Landscape of Tai–Kadai-Speaking Maonan in Southwest China Inferred From Genome-Wide SNP Data

“…The linguistic survey has found that the Tai-Kadai language was widely distributed in Southeast Asia, including Zhuang-Dai, Dong-Shui, Li, and Ge-Yang language sub-branches (Edmondson, 1988;Liang and Zhang, 1996;Edmondson, 1997;Kutanan et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2020;Kutanan et al, 2021). Linguistic findings showed that Maonan is a subgroup of the Dong-Shui language, mainly distributed in Guizhou, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces (Lu, 2008).…”

“…Linguistic findings showed that Maonan is a subgroup of the Dong-Shui language, mainly distributed in Guizhou, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces (Lu, 2008). Historians hold the opinion that Tai-Kadai people in South China are one of the indigenous population with a long history (Wang, 2004;Huang, 2016;Zhang, 2016), which is also evidenced via the linguistic documents and ancient DNA evidence (Edmondson, 1988;Liang and Zhang, 1996;Lipson et al, 2018;McColl et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2020;Kutanan et al, 2021). Direct documents from historic materials showed that the Maonan ethnic group is related to the modern Southern Chinese indigenous ethnic groups such as Bouyei, Mulam, and Gelao (Wang, 2004;Huang, 2016).However, the historical records for the origin of Maonan and the records of local Chronicles inscriptions and genealogies are unknown.…”

New insights from the combined discrimination of modern/ancient genome-wide shared alleles and haplotypes: Differentiated demographic history reconstruction of Tai-Kadai and Sinitic people in South China

“…Over the past hundreds of years, the TK people gradually migrated southward, driven by various cultural, political, economic, environmental and other relevant factors, and became the majority inhabitants of Southeast Asia [8,13,14]. In light of the complex population history of TK-speaking groups and the important role played in the peopling of East and Southeast Asia, the analyses of genetic variations in TK-speaking populations have been conducted in several studies using different sets of autosomal [15][16][17], X-chromosomal [18,19], Y-chromosomal [20,21], mitochondrial [13,14,[21][22][23] and genome-wide [7,24] markers. Previous studies showed that the Proto-languages of TK and AN might be related [25], and TK people from Thailand are related to AN speakers based on mitogenome sequences [14].…”