Extensive ash falls in and around the sea of Japan from large late quaternary eruptions

Machida, Hiroshi; Arai, Fusao

doi:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90007-0

Cited by 226 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The first application involves the correlation of widespread (distal) deposits from very large (Plinian) and relatively infrequent explosive eruptions (e.g. Machida and Arai, 1983;Pyle et al, 2006). Volcanic ash may be transported vast distances.…”

Section: Rationale and Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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Detailed knowledge of the past history of an active volcano is crucial for the prediction of the timing, frequency and style of future eruptions, and for the identification of potentially at-risk areas. Subaerial volcanic stratigraphies are often incomplete, due to a lack of exposure, or burial and erosion from subsequent eruptions. However, many volcanic eruptions produce widelydispersed explosive products that are frequently deposited as tephra layers in the sea. Cores of marine sediment therefore have the potential to provide more complete volcanic stratigraphies, at least for explosive eruptions. Nevertheless, problems such as bioturbation and dispersal by currents affect the preservation and subsequent detection of marine tephra deposits.Consequently, cryptotephras, in which tephra grains are not sufficiently concentrated to form layers that are visible to the naked eye, may be the only record of many explosive eruptions.Additionally, thin, reworked deposits of volcanic clasts transported by floods and landslides, or during pyroclastic density currents may be incorrectly interpreted as tephra fallout layers, leading to the construction of inaccurate records of volcanism. This work uses samples from the volcanic island of Montserrat as a case study to test different techniques for generating volcanic eruption records from marine sediment cores, with a particular relevance to cores sampled in relatively proximal settings (i.e. tens of kilometres from the volcanic source) where volcaniclastic material may form a pervasive component of the sedimentary sequence. Visible volcaniclastic deposits identified by sedimentological logging were used to test the effectiveness of potential alternative volcaniclastic-deposit detection techniques, including point counting of grain types (component analysis), glass or mineral chemistry, colour spectrophotometry, grain size measurements, XRF core scanning, magnetic susceptibility and X-radiography. This study demonstrates that a set of time-efficient, non-destructive and high-spatial-resolution analyses (e.g. XRF core-scanning and magnetic susceptibility) can be used effectively to detect potential cryptotephra horizons in marine sediment cores. Once these horizons have been sampled, microscope image analysis of volcaniclastic grains can be used successfully to discriminate between tephra fallout deposits and other volcaniclastic deposits, by using specific criteria Page | 3 related to clast morphology and sorting. Standard practice should be employed when analysing marine sediment cores to accurately identify both visible tephra and cryptotephra deposits, and to distinguish fallout deposits from other volcaniclastic deposits.

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Section: Rationale and Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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“…A.D. 1000 [Yun et al, 1993;Horn and Schmincke, 2000;Wu et al, 2005;Stone, 2010;Xu et al, 2012]. During the eruption, volcanic ash was blown over to the Japanese islands, forming a 5 cm thick layer [Machida and Arai, 1983;Horn and Schmincke, 2000]. Since the last eruption of Mount Paekdu, in 1903, the volcano has been quiet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional density modeling of the EGM2008 gravity field over the Mount Paekdu volcanic area

Choi

Götze

2013

JGR Solid Earth

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[1] Here we use the global gravity field data set EGM2008 for 3-D crustal density modeling of the Mount Paekdu stratovolcano and surrounding area located on the border between North Korea and China. Curvature analysis and Euler deconvolution are used to assist interpretation, and the 3-D model is constrained by multiple geological and geophysical data sets. Mount Paekdu is characterized by a low Bouguer anomaly of À110 × 10 À5 m/s 2 , which is caused by the combined gravity effects of (1) a depth to the Moho of about 40 km, (2) a zone with lower P wave velocity and density than the surrounding, (3) low density volcanic rocks on the surface, and (4) the presence of a magma chamber that has not previously been identified. The modeled magma chamber has a mean thickness of 5 km and a density of about 2350 kg/m 3 and is located <10 km from the surface. Magma chambers are also modeled beneath Mount Wangtian and Mount Nampotae. However, the results of the 3-D density modeling do not confirm the existence of a previously proposed midcrustal low-velocity zone in the area 70 km to the north of Mount Paekdu. Since the Pliocene, volcanic activity in the Mount Paekdu region has migrated from the east coast of North Korea to the northwest, following the path of NW-SE trending faults.

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“…The largest known volcanic eruptions of the Holocene include those of Kikai, Japan (early 6th millennium BC; Machida and Arai, 1983), Mt Mazama, USA (ca 5677 BC; Bacon, 1983;Zdanowicz et al, 1999), and Tambora, Indonesia (1815; Sigurdsson and Carey, 1989;Oppenheimer, 2003), with estimated magnitudes (total erupted mass) exceeding 10 14 kg. Kuwae, Vanuatu (ca AD 1459; Monzier et al, 1994), Baitoushan, China/North Korea (late 10th-early 11th century AD; Horn and Schmincke, 2000), the 'Minoan' eruption of Santorini, Greece (mid-17th century BC; Sigurdsson et al, 1990;Druitt et al, 1999), and Taupo, New Zealand (ca AD 181; Walker, 1980;Wilson, 1985) are in the next rank in terms of size, falling in the range 5 × 10 13 to 10 14 kg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid‐13th century volcanic eruption

Oppenheimer

2003

Intl Journal of Climatology

101

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Ice cores from both the Arctic and Antarctic record a massive volcanic eruption in around AD 1258. The inter-hemispheric transport of ash and sulphate aerosol suggests a low-latitude explosive eruption, but the volcano responsible is not known. This is remarkable given estimates of the magnitude of the event, which range up to 5 × 10 14 -2 × 10 15 kg (∼200-800 km 3 of dense magma), which would make this the largest eruption of the historic period, and one of the very largest of the Holocene. The associated collapse caldera could have had a diameter up to 10-30 km. Palaeoclimate reconstructions indicate very cold austral and boreal summers in AD 1257-59, consistent with known patterns of continental summer cooling following tropical, sulphur-rich explosive eruptions. This suggests an eruption in AD 1257, producing a stronger climate forcing than hitherto recognized.

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Extensive ash falls in and around the sea of Japan from large late quaternary eruptions

Cited by 226 publications

References 7 publications

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Three‐dimensional density modeling of the EGM2008 gravity field over the Mount Paekdu volcanic area

Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid‐13th century volcanic eruption

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