Extensions of the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms

Clark, James M.; Paivio, Allan

doi:10.3758/bf03195584

Cited by 172 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…What we won on the one hand (information about a variable for the entire set of interesting English lemmas) has been achieved at the expense of information richness on the other hand. This can be contrasted with the approach taken by Della Rosa et al (2010), Ghio et al (2013), Rubin (1980), and Clark and Paivio (2004), among others, who collected information about a multitude of word features, so that the correspondences between the measures could be determined. This, however, was achieved at the expense of the number of items for which information could be collected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas

2013

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CCo on nc cr re et te en ne es ss s r ra at ti in ng gs s f fo or r 4 40 0 t th ho ou us sa an nd d g ge en ne er ra al ll ly y k kn no ow wn n E En ng gl li is sh h w wo or rd d l le em mm ma as s AbstractConcreteness ratings are presented for 37,058 English words and 2,896 two-word expressions (such as "zebra crossing" and "zoom in"), obtained from over four thousand participants by means of a norming study using internet crowdsourcing for data collection. Although the instructions stressed that the assessment of word concreteness would be based on experiences involving all senses and motor responses, a comparison with the existing concreteness norms indicates that participants, as before, largely focused on visual and haptic experiences. The reported dataset is a subset of a comprehensive list of English lemmas and contains all lemmas known by at least 85% of the raters. It can be used in future research as a reference list of generally known English lemmas. Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand English word lemmasConcreteness evaluates the degree to which the concept denoted by a word refers to a perceptible entity. The variable came to the foreground in Paivio's dual-coding theory (Paivio, 1971(Paivio, , 2013. According to this theory, concrete words are easier to remember than abstract words, because they activate perceptual memory codes in addition to verbal codes.Schwanenflugel, Harnishfeger, and Stowe (1988) presented an alternative context availability theory, according to which concrete words are easier to process because they are related to strongly supporting memory contexts, whereas abstract words are not, as can be demonstrated by asking people how easy it is to think of a context in which the word can be used.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas

2013

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“…Concreteness ratings were taken from the MRC psycholinguistic database for 522 words, with ratings for the remaining 70 words coming from Nelson, McEvoy and Schreiber (2004). Imageability ratings for 524 words also came from the MRC database, and were supplemented with ratings for a further 68 words from Clark and Paivio (2004). All concreteness and imageability ratings emerged from the same instructions as Paivio et al's (1968) original norms, and ranged from 100 (abstract or low-imageability) to 700 (concrete or high-imageability).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength of perceptual experience predicts word processing performance better than concreteness or imageability

Connell¹,

Lynott²

2012

Cognition

206

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concepts are traditionally thought to differ from concrete concepts by their lack of perceptual information, which causes them to be processed more slowly and inaccurately than perceptually-based concrete concepts. We examined this assumption by comparing concreteness and imageability norms to a set of perceptual strength norms in five separate modalities: sound, taste, touch, smell and vision. Results showed that that concreteness and imageability do not actually reflect the perceptual basis of concepts: concreteness ratings appear to be based on two different intersecting decision criteria, and imageability ratings are visually biased. Analysis of lexical decision and word naming performance showed that maximum perceptual strength (i.e., strength in the dominant perceptual modality) consistently outperformed both concreteness and imageability in accounting for variance in response latency and accuracy. We conclude that so-called concreteness effects in word processing emerge from the perceptual strength of a concept's representation and discuss the implications for theories of conceptual representation.

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“…Neutral words were randomly chosen from all words with valence scores between 4.5 and 5.5 and with arousal scores less than 4.00 (M V = 5.1; M A = 3.5). Pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral word types did not vary on Kučera-Francis word frequency, number of letters, or imagery values, (all ps > .05; Clark & Paivio, 2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of emotion during the search process in free recall

Siddiqui

Unsworth

2011

Mem Cogn

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Typically, research has shown that emotional words are remembered better than neutral words; however, most studies have reported only the mean proportion of correctly recalled words. The present study looked at various dependent measures used by search models to determine whether emotion can influence the search process as well. The results from Experiment 2 showed that when emotionality was made salient, participants were able to utilize emotional associations, in addition to temporal associations, to cue retrieval of additional emotional words during subsequent sampling but relied mainly on temporal context when the emotional information was not made salient (Experiment 1). Additionally, both experiments showed that emotional words were more likely to be output earlier in the recall sequence, which would suggest that emotion also serves to boost relative strength during initial sampling. Overall, the results suggest that emotion contributes to enhanced memory dynamically by influencing the probability of sampling an item during the search process-specifically, by boosting relative strength and strengthening interitem associations.

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Extensions of the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms

Cited by 172 publications

References 18 publications

Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas

Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas

Strength of perceptual experience predicts word processing performance better than concreteness or imageability

Investigating the role of emotion during the search process in free recall

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