“…Required or permitted in 45 states (Sanes & Schmittt, 2014), collective bargaining negotiations establish legally binding contracts that dictate workplace procedures that impact every aspect of teachers’ work (e.g., teacher compensation, class size, leaves, seniority and staffing, the school day and year schedule, and general working conditions; Eberts, 2007; Hill, 2006; Strunk, 2012). Furthermore, research suggests that CBAs are fairly inflexible to change (Cowen & Fowles, 2013; Ingle & Wisman, 2018; McDonnell & Pascal, 1979; Strunk, et al, 2019). Once established, contract provisions can only be altered through subsequent negotiations, and the working conditions and compensation levels ensconced therein are difficult to alter as unions and district administrators are resistant to cede ground on the protections they have secured.…”