Extending the table of stages of normal development of the axolotl: Limb development

Nye, Holly L.D.; Cameron, Jo Ann; Chernoff, Ellen A.G.; Stocum, David L.

doi:10.1002/dvdy.10237

Cited by 89 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For all experiments, animals were anesthetized by treatment of 0.01% benzocaine. In all cases of amputations, the radius/ulna or femur were trimmed to make a flush amputation plane and limb staging was performed according to Armstrong and Malacinski (1989) and Nye et al (2003). Animals were bathed in drug [RA, 1 μM (Sigma); LE135 (Tocris), 250 nM; CD1530 (Tocris), 250 nM; LE540 (Wako), 1 μM; 0.03% DMSO (Sigma)] for the designated times with water changes every other day or every day for the microarray experiment.…”

Section: Animal Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinoic acid receptor regulation of epimorphic and homeostatic regeneration in the axolotl

et al. 2017

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Salamanders are capable of regenerating amputated limbs by generating a mass of lineage-restricted cells called a blastema. Blastemas only generate structures distal to their origin unless treated with retinoic acid (RA), which results in proximodistal (PD) limb duplications. Little is known about the transcriptional network that regulates PD duplication. In this study, we target specific retinoic acid receptors (RARs) to either PD duplicate (RA treatment or RARγ agonist) or truncate (RARβ antagonist) regenerating limbs. RARE-EGFP reporter axolotls showed divergent reporter activity in limbs undergoing PD duplication versus truncation, suggesting differences in patterning and skeletal regeneration. Transcriptomics identified expression patterns that explain PD duplication, including upregulation of proximal homeobox gene expression and silencing of distal-associated genes, whereas limb truncation was associated with disrupted skeletal differentiation. RARβ antagonism in uninjured limbs induced a loss of skeletal integrity leading to long bone regression and loss of skeletal turnover. Overall, mechanisms were identified that regulate the multifaceted roles of RARs in the salamander limb including regulation of skeletal patterning during epimorphic regeneration, skeletal tissue differentiation during regeneration, and homeostatic regeneration of intact limbs.

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Section: Animal Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinoic acid receptor regulation of epimorphic and homeostatic regeneration in the axolotl

et al. 2017

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“…Limb amputation was performed on both upper and lower limbs. Staging of the axolotl limb bud was performed, as in a previous study (Nye et al, 2003a). ALM surgery was performed as previously reported (Endo et al, 2004;Makanae and Satoh, 2012).…”

Section: Experimental Procedures Animal Handling and Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal regulation of keratin 5 and 17 in the axolotl limb

Moriyasu

Makanae

Satoh

2012

Developmental Dynamics

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Background: Amphibians have greater regeneration capability than higher vertebrates. They can regenerate their limbs after an amputation. As a limb is regenerated, a regeneration-specific epithelium called the apical epithelial cap (AEC) is induced. The AEC is an essential structure for limb regeneration. Despite the importance of the AEC, molecular marker genes have not been well studied at the molecular level. Results: In the present study, keratin5 (KRT5) and KRT17 were investigated in an axolotl-regenerating limb. KRT5 and KRT17 were expressed in a regenerating limb but down-regulated in a differentiating limb. KRT5 showed characteristic regulation in a regenerating blastema. KRT5 was suppressed in the basal layer of the AEC. This KRT5 suppression was correlated to the blastema differentiation and nerve presence. Simple skin wounding could also upregulate both KRT5 and KRT17 gene expression. But these genes were suppressed within a shorter time than in limb regeneration. Conclusions: The KRT5 and KRT17 gene profile can be a useful marker gene to investigate AEC in limb regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 241:1616-1624,

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“…These tables often focus on either embryonic and larval development (Oyama, 1930;Glü ckson, 1931;Anderson, 1943;Harrison, 1969;Hara and Boterenbrood, 1977;Bordzilovskaya et al, 1989;Collazo and Marks, 1994;Nye et al, 2003;Wong and Liversage, 2005;Ringia and Lips, 2007) or metamorphosis (Wilder, 1925;Grant, 1930Grant, , 1931Norman, 1985;Watson and Russell, 2000). The developmental criteria of metamorphic tables often rely on features not found in direct-developing plethodontids, such as tail fin height (Norman, 1985) or the presence of balancers and larval pigment patterns (Glü ckson, 1931), which makes explicit comparisons with Plethodon cinereus impossible.…”

Section: Other Salamander Staging Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The opposite is true for D. aeneus, which has hind limb digit development divided into three additional stages after the formation of all four forelimb digits. However, fore-and hind-limb bud development in both D. aeneus and P. cinereus occurs relatively concurrently in comparison to metamorphosing species in which the hind limb may form months after advanced forelimb digit formation (see Watson and Russell, 2000;Nye et al, 2003;Wong and Liversage, 2005; but see Wake and Shubin, 1998 for an exception in streamdwelling Dicamptodon). The coordination of fore-and hind limb development is relatively fixed within amniote clades, but can be extremely variable within Lissamphibia (Bininda-Emonds et al, 2007).…”

Section: Other Salamander Staging Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic Staging Table for a Direct‐Developing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae)

Kerney

2011

The Anatomical Record

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This work presents a refined staging table for the direct-developing red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus, which is based on the incomplete staging system of James Norman Dent (J Morphol 1942; 71:577-601). This common species from eastern North America is a member of the species-rich lungless salamander family Plethodontidae. The staging table presented here covers several stages omitted by Dent and reveals novel developmental features of P. cinereus embryos. These include putative Leydig cells and open gill clefts, which are found in larvae of metamorphosing species but were previously reported as absent in direct-developing Plethodon. Other features found in larvae of metamorphosing salamander species, such as the palatopterygoid bone and lateral line neuromasts, were not observed in this material. The occurrence of larval and metamorphic features in these embryos has direct bearing on the patterns of life history evolution within the plethodontidae family. This study emphasizes the degree to which typically larval structures are retained in this direct-developing species and provides a staging table for further investigations into the development and evolution of plethodontid salamanders.

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Extending the table of stages of normal development of the axolotl: Limb development

Cited by 89 publications

References 13 publications

Retinoic acid receptor regulation of epimorphic and homeostatic regeneration in the axolotl

Retinoic acid receptor regulation of epimorphic and homeostatic regeneration in the axolotl

Spatiotemporal regulation of keratin 5 and 17 in the axolotl limb

Embryonic Staging Table for a Direct‐Developing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae)

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