Extending the sensing range of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis up to 325 km combining four optical repeaters

Gyger, Flavien; Rochat, Etienne; Chin, Sanghoon; Niklès, Marc; Thévenaz, Luc

doi:10.1117/12.2059590

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Brillouin scattering is produced by the interaction of backscattered light and acoustic waves generated when changes in the density of the material occur as a result of thermal effects. Brillouin scattering is sensitive to external changes of both mechanical strain and temperature and despite its measuring range can reach lengths of up to more than 300 km (Gyger, Rochat, Chin, Nikl es, & Th evenaz, 2014), the spatial resolution that can be achieved is often limited to several centimetres (G€ uemes, Fern andez-L opez, & Soller, 2010). Rayleigh scattering, on the other hand, refers to the elastic distribution of light in all directions that happens when light interferes with local inhomogeneities in the fiber core that are smaller than the wavelength of the light itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack monitoring in reinforced concrete beams by distributed optical fiber sensors

Berrocal

Fernandez

Rempling

2020

Structure and Infrastructure Engineering

100

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This paper investigates the use of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry of Rayleigh backscattering for Structural Health Monitoring purposes in civil engineering structures. More specifically, the results of a series of laboratory experiments aimed at assessing the suitability and accuracy of DOFS for crack monitoring in reinforced concrete members subjected to external loading are reported. The experiments consisted on three-point bending tests of concrete beams, where a polyamide-coated optical fiber sensor was bonded directly onto the surface of an unaltered reinforcement bar and protected by a layer of silicone. The strain measurements obtained by the DOFS system exhibited an accuracy equivalent to that provided by traditional electrical foil gauges. Moreover, the analysis of the high spatial resolution strain profiles provided by the DOFS enabled the effective detection of crack formation. Furthermore, the comparison of the reinforcement strain profiles with measurements from a digital image correlation system revealed that determining the location of cracks and tracking the evolution of the crack width over time were both feasible, with most errors being below ±3 cm and ±20 mm, for the crack location and crack width, respectively. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack monitoring in reinforced concrete beams by distributed optical fiber sensors

Berrocal

Fernandez

Rempling

2020

Structure and Infrastructure Engineering

100

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“…With the use of more complex pulse formats or distributed amplification, the sensing range can be extended to 70-100 km [64][65][66] with a more even distribution of sensitivity along the fiber, while still using a standard telecom fiber installation. In principle, longer distances can be achieved with complex dedicated fiber installations and power supply along the fiber link (via use of optical repeaters [67,68] and/or multiple stage distributed amplification [65,69]), but the impact on the cost and DAS sensitivity means that such systems are not currently practical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teleseisms and Microseisms on an Ocean-Bottom Distributed Acoustic Sensing Array

Williams¹,

Fernández‐Ruiz²,

Magalhães³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Sparse seismic instrumentation in the oceans limits our understanding of deep Earth dynamics and submarine earthquakes. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), an emerging technology that converts optical fiber to seismic sensors, allows us to leverage pre-existing submarine telecommunication cables for seismic monitoring. Here we report observations of microseism, local surface gravity waves, and a teleseismic earthquake along a 4192-sensor ocean-bottom DAS array offshore Belgium. We observe in-situ how opposing groups of ocean surface gravity waves generate double-frequency seismic Scholte waves, as described by the Longuet-Higgins theory of microseism generation. We also extract P- and S-wave phases from the 2018-08-19 Mw8.2 Fiji deep earthquake in the 0.01-1 Hz frequency band, though waveform fidelity is low at high frequencies. These results suggest significant potential of DAS in next-generation submarine seismic networks.

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“…The best performance of the sensing range (longer than 120 km) [152,153] with an acceptable spatial resolution (1 m or 2 m) has been renovated by combination of Raman assistance and coding although the system becomes extremely complicated. Most recently, specially-designed EDFA repeaters were used to extend the sensing measurements of BOTDA to more than 300 km [154]. Some efforts were also made to study the influence of Brillouin depletion on the maximum range of BOTDA [41] and to avoid it to some extent by use of Stokes together with anti-Stokes wave as Brillouin probe [155,156].…”

Section: System Improvement Of Sensing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers and Its Application to Distributed Sensors

Zou¹,

Long²,

Chen³

2015

Advances in Optical Fiber Technology: Fundamental Optical Phenomena and Applications

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This chapter introduces the basic principle and recent advances of Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. The working mechanism, different interrogation techniques, difficulty or challenge of the sensing ability, and recent breakthroughs of Brillouin based distributed optical fiber sensors are demonstrated, respectively. 2. Brillouin scattering in optical fibers 2.1. Principle Light scattering phenomena in optical fibers occur regardless of how intense the incident optical power is. They can be basically categorized into two groups, i.e. spontaneous scattering and stimulated scattering[1]. Spontaneous scattering refers to the process under conditions such that the material properties are unaffected by the presence of the incident optical fields.

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Extending the sensing range of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis up to 325 km combining four optical repeaters

Cited by 26 publications

References 6 publications

Crack monitoring in reinforced concrete beams by distributed optical fiber sensors

Crack monitoring in reinforced concrete beams by distributed optical fiber sensors

Teleseisms and Microseisms on an Ocean-Bottom Distributed Acoustic Sensing Array

Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers and Its Application to Distributed Sensors

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