Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive

Impact of Acetate Additive on PbO2 Plating and Oxygen Evolution in Soluble Lead Flow Batteries

“…The cell setup is identical to that described in our previously published work. 13 Here, the failure of SLFBs is defined as when their coulombic efficiency (CE) falls below 80%, after which the cells degrade very rapidly. The cycle life is found to be extended under every studied charge/discharge S3.…”

“…COE can be calculated according to eq S1. The cell setup is identical to that described in our previously published work . Here, the failure of SLFBs is defined as when their coulombic efficiency (CE) falls below 80%, after which the cells degrade very rapidly.…”

“…Further details on battery and electrolyte preparation can be found in our previous publication. 13 2.2. Physicochemical Characterization.…”

“…A nickel plate (99.5% purity) and a hot-pressed graphite plate were used as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively. The electrodes were polished and then chemically and electrochemically pretreated before use, as detailed in ref . Unless otherwise stated, a solution containing 0.5 M lead methanesulfonate (PbMS) and 0.5 M methanesulfonic acid (MSA) is employed as the electrolyte.…”

“…The electrolyte in beaker cells is stirred using a magnetic stir bar, rotating at approximately 200 rpm, during charge/discharge experiments. Further details on battery and electrolyte preparation can be found in our previous publication …”