Extending the income inequality hypothesis: Ecological results from the 2005 and 2009 Argentine National Risk Factor Surveys

Maio, Fernando G. De; Linetzky, Bruno; Ferrante, Daniel; Fleischer, Nancy L.

doi:10.1080/17441692.2012.663399

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Thereby, it was suggested that under-reporting of poor health in deprived regions might be because people living in these areas are usually less aware of treatable conditions (Sen, 2002). If true, this will ultimately lead to an underestimate of the social gradient in health (De Maio et al, 2012) and needs to be taken into account when interpreting the findings of the present study. Additionally, the survey only covered urban populations (close to 85% of the total population of the country; Dachs et al, 2002), avoiding comparisons between urban and rural adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN ARGENTINA: FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER ADULTS 2012 (ENCaViAM)

2016

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This study aimed to evaluate educational and income inequalities in self-reported health (SRH), and physical functioning (limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)/Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)), among 60-year-old and older adults in Argentina. Using cross-sectional data from the Argentinian National Survey on Quality of Life of Older Adults 2012 (Encuesta Nacional sobre Calidad de Vida de Adultos Mayores, ENCaViAM), gender-specific socioeconomic inequalities in SRH and ADL and IADL limitations were studied in relation to educational level and household per capita income. The Relative Index of Inequality (RII) - an index of the relative size of socioeconomic inequalities in health - was used. Socioeconomic inequalities in the studied health indicators were found - except for limitations in ADL among women - favouring socially advantaged groups. The results remained largely significant after full adjustment, suggesting that educational and income inequalities, mainly in SRH and IADL, were robust and somehow independent of age, marital status, physical activity, the use of several medications, depression and the occurrence of falls. The findings add to the existing knowledge on the relative size of the socioeconomic inequalities in subjective health indicators among Argentinian older adults, which are to the detriment of lower socioeconomic groups. The results could be used to inform planning interventions aimed at decreasing socioeconomic inequalities in health, to the benefit of socially disadvantaged adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN ARGENTINA: FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER ADULTS 2012 (ENCaViAM)

2016

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“…However, this would not have affected the associations between Gini coefficient and mortality reported here. Using contemporaneous Gini coefficients and mortality may not have captured any delayed effects of inequality on health, which some have suggested in previous studies [31]. This ecological analysis describes associations at the population level, which may not be replicated at the individual level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The impact of income inequality and national wealth on child and adolescent mortality in low and middle-income countries

Ward

Viner

2017

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundIncome inequality and national wealth are strong determinants for health, but few studies have systematically investigated their influence on mortality across the early life-course, particularly outside the high-income world.MethodsWe performed cross-sectional regression analyses of the relationship between income inequality (national Gini coefficient) and national wealth (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) averaged over previous decade), and all-cause and grouped cause national mortality rate amongst infants, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19 and 20–24 year olds in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) in 2012. Gini models were adjusted for GDP.ResultsData were available for 103 (79%) countries. Gini was positively associated with increased all-cause and communicable disease mortality in both sexes across all age groups, after adjusting for national wealth. Gini was only positively associated with increased injury mortality amongst infants and 20–24 year olds, and increased non-communicable disease mortality amongst 20–24 year old females. The strength of these associations tended to increase during adolescence.Increasing GDP was negatively associated with all-cause, communicable and non-communicable disease mortality in males and females across all age groups. GDP was also associated with decreased injury mortality in all age groups except 15–19 year old females, and 15–24 year old males. GDP became a weaker predictor of mortality during adolescence.ConclusionPolicies to reduce income inequality, rather than prioritising economic growth at all costs, may be needed to improve adolescent mortality in low and middle-income countries, a key development priority.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4310-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The Gini coefficient is derived from the Lorenz curve of the plot of cumulative percentage of the population by socio-economic status and cumulative percentage of total income. The Gini coefficient is calculated as the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the 45° line, to the whole area below the 45° line; a Gini coefficient of 0 reflects a perfectly equal society, and a Gini coefficient of 1 represents a perfectly unequal society [ 15 , 16 ]. The Brown formula is used for this purpose [ 17 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the government intervention affects the distribution of physicians in Turkey between 1965 and 2000

Ünal

2015

Int J Equity Health

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IntroductionOne of the main weaknesses of the health system in Turkey is the uneven distribution of physicians. The diversity among geographical districts was huge in the beginning of the 1960s. After the 1980s, the implementation of a two-year compulsory service for newly graduated physicians is an interesting and specific experience for all countries. The aim of this study is to analyse the distribution of physicians, GPs and specialists between the years 1965-2000 and the efficiency of the strict 15 year government intervention (1981-1995).MethodsThe data used in this study includes the published data by the Ministry of Health and The State Institute of Statistics between the years 1965–2000. Covering 35 years for total physicians, GPs and specialists, Gini coefficients are calculated so as to observe the change in the distribution. In order to measure the efficiency of government intervention, Gini index belonging to the previous 15 years (first period-1965 to 1980) and the last 15 years (second period) of 1981 when the compulsory service was enacted is also analysed including the statistical tests.ResultsIn 1965, the Gini for total physician is quite high (0.47), and in 2000 it decreases considerably (0.20). In 1965, the Gini for GPs and the Gini for specialists is 0.44 and 0.52, respectively and in 2000 these values decrease to 0.13 and 0.28, respectively. It is observed that, with this government intervention, the level of diversity has decreased dramatically up to 2000. Regarding to regression, the rate of decrease in Gini index in the second period is higher for the GPs than that of the specialists.ConclusionThe inequalities in the distribution between GPs and specialists are significantly different; inequality of specialist distribution is higher than the GP. The improvement of the inequality in the physician distribution produced by the market mechanism shows a long period when it is left to its own devices. It is seen that the compulsory service policy is efficient since the physician distribution has improved significantly. The government intervention provides a faster improvement in the GP distribution.

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Extending the income inequality hypothesis: Ecological results from the 2005 and 2009 Argentine National Risk Factor Surveys

Cited by 11 publications

References 63 publications

SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN ARGENTINA: FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER ADULTS 2012 (ENCaViAM)

SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN SELF-REPORTED HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN ARGENTINA: FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY ON QUALITY OF LIFE OF OLDER ADULTS 2012 (ENCaViAM)

The impact of income inequality and national wealth on child and adolescent mortality in low and middle-income countries

How the government intervention affects the distribution of physicians in Turkey between 1965 and 2000

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