Extending nondirectional heterogeneity tests to evaluate simply ordered alternative hypotheses.

Rice, William R.; Gaines, Steven D.

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.225

Cited by 153 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…1b) and increased with patch area/connectivity (ordered heterogeneity test: r S ¼ 1, P c ¼ 0.974, P < 0.001; Rice & Gaines 1994). However, because patch area covaried strongly with patch connectivity (see above) we cannot distinguish between the two landscape effects.…”

Section: Within Landscapesmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Geographical variation in wolf spider dispersal behaviour is related to landscape structure

et al. 2006

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Theoretical studies suggest that mechanisms underlying habitat and population structure are important for shaping inter-and intraspecific variation in dispersal behaviour. Empirical evidence, especially in organisms living in spatially structured populations, however, is scarce. We investigated the relation between habitat configuration (patch size, connectivity) and dispersal by studying variation in tiptoe behaviour in the dune wolf spider, Pardosa monticola, under standardized laboratory conditions. Tiptoe behaviour prepares spiderlings for ballooning and can hence be considered as a precursor of aerial dispersal. The proportion of individuals that displayed tiptoe behaviour was highest in offspring from grasslands in a large dune landscape where habitat was continuously available, intermediate in offspring originating from a fragmented landscape, and lowest in offspring originating from a small and extremely isolated grassland patch. At the level of the fragmented landscape, variation was related to size and connectivity of four subpopulations. Both between and within landscapes, maternal condition had no effect on offspring dispersal. These results indicate that changes in habitat configuration from a large, connected landscape towards a small, fragmented one may lead to a decrease in dispersal rates, even at small spatial scales. Hence, behavioural traits narrowly linked to dispersal evolve towards less mobile phenotypes in small, isolated habitats, indicating high dispersal costs and low efficacy for gene flow in a spider species restricted to fragmented habitats.

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Section: Within Landscapesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Denominator degrees of freedom were approximated by using Satterthwaite's procedure. We used nondirectional ordered heterogeneity test (Rice 1989;Rice & Gaines 1994) to test variation in ballooning propensity in relation to patch size and connectivity within the fragmented landscape.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical variation in wolf spider dispersal behaviour is related to landscape structure

et al. 2006

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“…Given the directionality of the predictions regarding the effect of maternal attendance and brood size on larval survival, and of maternal attendance on the production of second clutches (see "Introduction"), two-tailed ordered heterogeneity tests (OHT) following Rice and Gaines (1994) were used in these cases to account for the a priori directional expectation. Corresponding p values are denoted as p OHT .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and costs of earwig (Forficula auricularia) family life

Kölliker

2007

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

121

200

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The evolution of parental care and family group formation critically depends on offspring survival benefits and parental fecundity costs of care under given ecological conditions. Investigations of the functional significance of care in insect species that exhibit facultative parental care have been relatively rare but may be of particular interest for better understanding of benefit and cost schedules at an early evolutionary stage. In this study, aspects of benefits and costs of care were addressed in the sub-social European earwig (Forficula auricularia; Dermaptera: Forficulidae) by manipulating the presence of tending mothers and brood size in a fully crossed experimental design. Larvae growing in broods tended by their mother or of reduced size showed a higher survival probability than larvae growing in untended or large broods, as predicted if maternal care is beneficial and shaped by a trade-off between number and quality of offspring. Analysis of patterns of food consumption and developmental time further suggested that the benefit of maternal attendance is mediated by the maternal provisioning of food, while the quality-quantity trade-off seemed to be driven by sibling rivalry. Further, tending mothers delayed the production of a second clutch, indicating a potential cost of care in terms of lifetime fecundity. This study experimentally shows benefits and potential costs of maternal care and family group formation in the European earwig. More detailed behavioural experiments will be required to fully understand how behavioural interactions among family members mediate these reproductive outcomes.

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“…Degrees of freedom were calculated using Satterthwaite's formula (Littell et al 1996). We corrected p values for the expected ordered heterogeneity of the experimental groups but used two-tail prediction tables (Rice & Gaines 1994). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenerational body size effects caused by early developmental stress in zebra finches

Naguib

Gil

2005

Biol. Lett.

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The nutritional and social conditions that individuals experience during early development can have profound effects on their morphology, physiology, behaviour and life history. Experimental increases in brood size in birds can result in reduced offspring condition and survival, indicating that developmental deficits in enlarged broods have negative fitness consequences within the affected generation. To study long-term effects (i.e. transgenerational effects of developmental stress), we conducted a two-step breeding experiment in which we manipulated early developmental conditions in zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata. We raised zebra finches by manipulating brood sizes and controlled for maternal and genetic effects by cross-fostering. In a previous study, we showed that offspring condition and body size decreased with increasing brood size. Here we show that this effect was carried over to the next generation. Body size in nestlings and at nutritional independence was affected by the brood size in which the mothers were raised. Female offspring did significantly worse than male offspring when the mother had been raised in large broods, suggesting a sex-specific influence of maternal effects. These findings link early developmental stress in females with the phenotype of the next generation via maternal effects.

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Extending nondirectional heterogeneity tests to evaluate simply ordered alternative hypotheses.

Abstract: A straightforward way to extend these nondirectional heterogeneity tests so that they evaluate simply ordered alternatives is to incorporate a second independent measure that is based solely on the ordering information. Spearman's rank correlation (r,; Fig. 1

Cited by 153 publications

References 0 publications

Geographical variation in wolf spider dispersal behaviour is related to landscape structure

Geographical variation in wolf spider dispersal behaviour is related to landscape structure

Benefits and costs of earwig (Forficula auricularia) family life

Transgenerational body size effects caused by early developmental stress in zebra finches

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