“…As shown in Figure a, XPS peaks of C 1s can be fitted with three peaks at binding energies of 284.5, 285.12, and 288.27 eV, which are ascribed to C–C/C–H species, C–O, and CO/O–CO bonds in SnR groups, respectively . As seen from Figure b, O 1s shows signals at binding energies of 530.3 and 531.6 eV, which correspond to O 2– and OH – , respectively. , As for Fe 2p, in Figure c, the peak positions of Fe 2p 1/2 and Fe 2p 3/2 for Fe 2+ are located at 724.6 and 710.8 eV, with their associated satellite peaks at 731.5 and 717.6 eV, respectively. In addition, the XPS peaks with binding energies of 726 and 712.2 eV are assigned to Fe 2p 1/2 and Fe 2p 3/2 for Fe 3+ , with their associated satellite peaks at 732.9 and 719 eV, respectively.…”