Extended SWIR imaging for targeting and reconnaissance

Breiter, Rainer; Benecke, M.; Eich, D.; Figgemeier, H.; Sieck, A.; Weber, A.; Wendler, J.

doi:10.1117/12.2304924

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…10 Exposure times were set to avoid saturation at the top and bottom of the dynamic range. The drones were imaged at increasing distances (5,50,100,150,200, and 250 m), as well as at two angles above the horizon (3 deg and 15 deg), ensuring that in each frame, the background of the drone was sky (i.e., not terrain or man-made obstacles). Data were taken with the white drone at both elevation angles, followed by the black drone at both elevation angles.…”

Section: Data and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Interest in the eSWIR has recently grown due to developments in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT or HgCdTe) and type-II superlattice (T2SL) detectors for the 2 to 2.5 μm band. [5][6][7][8] eSWIR experiences higher atmospheric transmission than the SWIR due to its longer wavelength, while maintaining higher diffraction-limited resolution than the mid-wave IR (MWIR) and long-wave IR (LWIR) bands due to its shorter wavelength. 3 Because eSWIR falls between the wavelength range of bands that are considered purely reflective or purely emissive, it may be possible to use a single eSWIR focal plane for both reflective and thermal imaging, particularly in lowillumination conditions such as overcast skies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interest in the eSWIR has recently grown due to developments in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT or HgCdTe) and type-II superlattice (T2SL) detectors for the 2 to 2.5 μm band 5 – 8 eSWIR experiences higher atmospheric transmission than the SWIR due to its longer wavelength, while maintaining higher diffraction-limited resolution than the mid-wave IR (MWIR) and long-wave IR (LWIR) bands due to its shorter wavelength 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drone detection performance in the reflective bands: visible, near infrared, short wave infrared, and extended short wave infrared

et al. 2022

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. Target detection and identification are well-studied problems in the visible and near infrared (IR) bands, with recent work focusing on the short wave IR (SWIR) band. The extended SWIR (eSWIR) band (2 to 2.5 μm) offers an advantage over SWIR due to increased atmospheric transmission, while keeping greater diffraction-limited angular resolution than the midwave IR and longwave IR. eSWIR should additionally improve object-sky contrast due to having lower background sky path radiance than the SWIR. An analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio and contrast for drone imaging in the reflective bands is presented and compared with a Night Vision Integrated Performance Model of drone detection performance using equivalent reflectivities. We find that imaging performance across all four bands is strongly dependent on pixel pitch and contrast.

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Section: Data and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drone detection performance in the reflective bands: visible, near infrared, short wave infrared, and extended short wave infrared

et al. 2022

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“…23 There have been several studies in the past few years on both theoretical and experimental aspects of SWIR infrared photodetectors based on the HgCdTe alloy employing p-onn device structure. 3,10,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] However, since these detectors were designed to be used as individual small-area pixels in an imaging array, they were not designed for ultra-high QE application. In this paper, we present the design rules which allow SWIR photodetectors operating in the eSWIR spectral range to achieve their maximum quantum efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Principles for High QE HgCdTe Infrared Photodetectors for eSWIR Applications

Akhavan

Umana‐Membreno

et al. 2022

J. Electron. Mater.

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In this paper, we study the limiting mechanisms and design criteria of HgCdTe photodetectors for extended shortwave infrared applications with ultra-high quantum efficiency (QE) in both n-on-p and p-on-n technologies. Numerical and analytical models are employed in order to study the possibility of achieving ultra-high QE eSWIR detectors for the operational wavelengths of approximately 2.0 μm, and our study shows that by proper design of absorber layer and doping density, such a detector can be engineered. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) lifetime, absorber layer doping density and absorber layer thickness all have an impact on the quantum efficiency whether the detector is used as a small-area pixel element in a focal plane array or as a discrete large-area detector for sensing applications.

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“…However, the longer wavelength of MWIR leads to a larger diffraction blur than eSWIR for a given aperture size, which reduces range performance. The eSWIR band has both reflective and emissive contributions, which can be exploited using a single sensor, as seen in studies of targeting and reconnaissance applications 9 , 10 . This work will compare eSWIR with the other reflective bands, as reflective signals account for most of the radiated energy in the eSWIR band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target discrimination in the extended shortwave infrared band (2 to 2.5μm) compared with visible, near-infrared, and SWIR in degraded visual environments

et al. 2022

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.Long-range target identification is well studied in the visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) bands and more recently in the shortwave infrared (SWIR). The longer wavelength of SWIR (1 to 1.7 μm) improves target detection for both long ranges and under challenging atmospheric conditions because it is less limited by scattering and absorption in the atmosphere. For these reasons, SWIR sensors are proliferating on military platforms. The extended shortwave infrared (eSWIR) band spanning from 2 to 2.5 μm is not typically limited by diffraction, and as a result, the band benefits target acquisition both at long ranges and for degraded visual environments (DVEs). Theoretical and experimental data compare eSWIR with Vis, NIR, and SWIR for atmospheric transmission, reflectivity, illumination, and sensor resolution and sensitivity. The experimental setup includes two testbeds, each with four cameras. The first is a wide field of view (FOV) testbed matching FOV at 20 deg for each camera. The second is a narrow FOV telescope testbed to match instantaneous FOV for consistent resolution across all four bands at long ranges. Both the theory and experiment demonstrate advantages of using eSWIR for long-range target identification under DVEs.

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Extended SWIR imaging for targeting and reconnaissance

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Drone detection performance in the reflective bands: visible, near infrared, short wave infrared, and extended short wave infrared

Drone detection performance in the reflective bands: visible, near infrared, short wave infrared, and extended short wave infrared

Design Principles for High QE HgCdTe Infrared Photodetectors for eSWIR Applications

Target discrimination in the extended shortwave infrared band (2 to 2.5μm) compared with visible, near-infrared, and SWIR in degraded visual environments

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