Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Ireland, Including a Novel Enzyme, TEM-102

Abstract

Organisms producing extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBLs) have been reported in many countries, but there is no information on the prevalence of ESBL-producing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in Ireland. A total of 925 isolates of ampicillin-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae were received from six hospitals in Ireland over a 3-year period from September 1996 to September 1999. Isolates were screened for ESBL production by the double-disk diffusion (DDD) method. DDD-positive isolates that were (i) confirmed as ESBL producers by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) confirmatory testing and (ii) susceptible to cefoxitin by disk diffusion were considered ESBL producers. By these criteria, 27 (3%) of the ampicillin-resistant members of the Enterobacteriaceae studied were categorized as ESBL producers. Molecular typing suggested that some intra-and interhospital spread of ESBL-producing isolates had occurred. DNA sequencing of amplified bla TEM and bla SHV genes resulted in the detection of a novel bla TEM ESBL gene, bla TEM-102 in two isolates (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae) received from the same hospital but isolated from different patients. The study suggests dissemination of ESBL-producing bacteria within the health care system in Ireland and emphasizes the need for measures to control such spread.

Multiplex PCR amplification assay for the detection of blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX‐M genes in Enterobacteriaceae

“…However, due to the emergence of large numbers of different bla SHV, bla TEM and bla CTX‐M β‐lactamases, isoelectrofocusing appears not to be the method of choice for establishing an ESBL phenotype (3, 10). The solution to this problem has been to characterise ESBL‐encoding genes using molecular biology techniques with specific primers for bla SHV, bla TEM, and bla CTX‐M genes, followed by DNA sequence analysis of the PCR amplicons (6, 11–14). Recently, multiplex PCR assays for detection of bla TEM, bla SHV and bla OXA‐1 genes (15), bla SHV, bla CTX‐M‐3 and bla CTX‐M‐14 genes (16) and bla CTX‐M group 1, bla CTX‐M group 2, bla CTX‐M group 8, and bla CTX‐M group 9, respectively, have been described (17).…”

CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Italy: Molecular Epidemiology of an Emerging Countrywide Problem

“…In the European scenario, where the TEM-and SHV-type ESBLs were first detected (20,40) and are widespread (12,26,30,33,37), recent reports have shown a rapid and alarming dissemination of Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBLs of the CTX-M type in some countries, with notable changes in the epidemiologies of these resistance determinants (15,23,44). The second Italian nationwide survey on ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae, carried out in 2003, revealed that CTX-M-type ESBLs are now also widespread in Italy, where they are present in approximately 20% of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and in more than 60% of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (24).…”

“…A worldwide distribution of these enzymes has been reported (4), and in some settings (e.g., Argentina, Greece, Japan, Spain, and Taiwan), the CTX-M-type enzymes are more prevalent than TEM-and SHV-type ESBLs (35,36,43,45,46). In Europe, where the TEM-and SHV-type ESBLs were first reported (20,40) and are widespread overall (12,26,30,33,37), a rapid and massive dissemination of isolates producing CTX-M-type ESBLs has recently been reported in some countries (1,16,17,21,25,44) and is a matter of major concern.…”

bla TEM, bla SHV and bla CTX-M-15 Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Produced by Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterobacter clocae and Proteus mirabilis from Pregnant Women in Three Secondary Health Care Facilities in South-south, Nigeria

“…The main reason for development of resistance is mainly the selection and preferential growth of resistant bacteria, together with inhibition of susceptible strains from prolonged use of antibiotic. Extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) were first described in the 1980s and they have been detected in Gram-negative bacilli [4,5,6].…”