Our purpose is to investigate the key elements for representing personal presence, which is the sense of being with a certain individual. A case study is reported in which children performed daily conversational tasks with a geminoid, a teleoperated android robot that resembles a living individual. Different responses to the geminoid and the original person are examined, especially concentrating on the case where the target child was the daughter of the geminoid source. Results showed that children gradually became adapted to conversation with the geminoid, but the operator's personal presence was not completely represented. Further research topics on the adaptation process to androids and on seeking for the key elements on personal presence are discussed.
Key words: personal presence, android robot, teleoperationWhat creates a person's sense of presence? When we are having a conversation or watching a movie with somebody we know, we feel that that person, not just an anonymous individual, is beside us. Fluctuating moods or emotions are factors, and personality traits are others that are consistent and forever. These factors and how they appear have been extensively studied, mainly in the field of psychology, through the analysis of various human behaviors. Is the combination of these factors powerful enough to describe and capture the individual differences in each person? Can current technology represent, record, and playback this individual sense of presence? Many studies have grappled with this question, including how well current transmission technologies, such as telephones, TV conferencing systems, or newly developed computer mediated communication (CMC) systems can approximate face-to-face communications (Wainfan, 2005). For the sense of presence, based on classical studies (Goffman, 1963), much work has pursued its nature. Co-presence, the sense of being with somebody else in a remote environment, has especially been examined in the field of virtual reality (Lombard, 1997;Zhao, 2003). These studies, however, have mainly focused on the typical, anonymous nature generally seen and not on the details specific to each individual.Another scheme, the constructive approach, builds a hypothesis and examines the issue through implementation (Ishiguro, 2002). In the field of robotics, interest continues to grow in the social aspects of human-robot interaction. One field of keen interest is the usage of robots as a communication interface device, whose main purpose is not for