Extended Electromagnetic Theory

Abstract

EXTENDED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY: SPACE CHARGE IN VACUO AND THE REST MASS OF THE PHOTONCopyright © 1998 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic t mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. PREFACEConventional electromagnetic theory, based on Maxwell's equations, has been successful in treating manifold problems in physics during the past one hundred over years. However, there are questions that have not been given fully adequate answers using the conventional theory, and this therefore suggests that revisions have become necessary. In addition, such revisions can also offer extended possibilities for the theory by opening new fields of application.One example of a not fully-answered question is that of the total reflection of electromagnetic waves propagating in a dissipative medium bounded by vacuum interface. Another example is that of electrodynamic models of the photon which has to behave both as a particle (boson) and a wave, and where the particle model should satisfy physically relevant boundary conditions, both at its centre and at infinity. A third example is that of electrodynamic models of leptons, in particular of the electron. The latter behaves like a "point charge" or a particle of extremely small radius, the model thereby having to satisfy relevant boundary conditions at the centre and at infinity.More recently, a number of attempts have been made to modify Maxwell's equations, with the purpose of dealing with unsolved problems and of extending the range of applicability. A description of all the proposed revisions is out of the scope of this book, which summarizes the investigations made by the authors and some associated works.The extended electromagnetic theory described here has been elaborated on along two lines. The first is based on the hypothesis of nonzero electric field divergence in vacuo. It leads to steady electromagnetic equilibria, such as axisymmetric electrically charged or neutral states, with possible applications to leptons and string models, as well as to new types of plane and axisymmetric electromagnetic space-charge waves, with possible applications to the photon with a nonzero rest mass. The second line is based on the hypothesis of a nonzero electric conductivity in vacuo. It leads to modified electromagnetic waves with a group velocity being slightly less than the conventional velocity CONTENTS

Asymmetrical Chiral Gauging to Increase the Coefficient of Performance of Magnetic Motors

“…In [6,8], the authors show that if the vacuum current density factor is included, the above equation changes to…”

Optical Effects of an Extended Electromagnetic Theory

“…Some investigators have included magnetic monopoles in extended theories [32,33], also from the quantum-theoretic point of view [20]. According to Dirac [34], the magnetic monopole concept is an open question.…”

“…According to Dirac [34], the magnetic monopole concept is an open question. In this connection it should finally be mentioned that attempts have been made to construct theories based on general relativity where gravitation and electromagnetism are derived from geometry, as well as theories including both a massive photon and a Dirac monopole [20].…”

“…Here curl 2 A s 6 ¼ 0 and r 2 f s 6 ¼ 0 refer to the ''source part'' of the field that is nonzero within such a limited region, whereas curl 2 A v ¼ 0 and r 2 f v ¼ 0 refer to the ''vacuum part'' outside the same region [13,20], and the notation curl 2 curl curl is used henceforth. For a model of a charged particle such as the electron, the potentials A v and f v would thus be connected with its longdistance magnetic dipole field and electrostatic Coulomb field, respectively [20].…”

“…The nonzero electric field divergence, with an associated ''space-charge current density,'' introduces an extra degree of freedom that leads to new possible states of the electromagnetic field. This concept originated from some ideas by the author in the late 1960s, the first of which was published in a series of separate papers [10,12], and later in more complete forms and in reviews [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”