Expulsion: A type of forced mobility experienced by homeless people in Canada

“I know a guy”: Examining homeless income generation and spatial mobility

“…During the 2010 Winter Olympic Games participants indicated being fined and highly controlled, given one-way bus passes, picked up and dropped off outside of town and forced into temporary shelters with inadequate accommodations -consistent with the literature on forced mobility and spatial expulsion (e.g., Kaufman, 2021).…”

“…Addressing those questions contributes to the literature in several ways. By examining income generation and travel, we contribute to what is known about homeless mobility restrictions (Kaufman, 2021) and interactions between the homeless and businesses, agencies, and the urban landscape. Knowing where homeless people go may also assist homeless services and advocates for the homeless to provide resources for this group of persons, at the very least by potentially allowing for more comprehensive homeless counts --a vital activity that contributes to understanding the scope of the problem, resource allocation for homeless service agencies, and outreach efforts (Thomson, 2016).…”

“…We also know that the homeless are forced into public spaces more frequently than domiciled persons, and that this influences homeless mobility in several ways, even without considering transportation disadvantage experienced by the poor (Hine & Mitchell, 2001). Homeless mobility is affected by urban planning (Braverman, 2010), legislation (Doherty et al, 2008;May, 2003;Mitchel, 1997), other factors such as physical disability, need of restrooms and special services (Iwata & Karato, 2011;Rahimian, Wolch & Koegel, 1992), and by criminal justice response (Kaufman, 2021;Wardhaugh, 1996). Persons living in SROs and shelters are also noted as sometimes having affected mobility as a direct result of their housing situation (Nair, 2016;Rankin, 2015;Rollinson, 1990).…”

The New Urban Displacements? Finance-Led Capitalism, Austerity, and Rental Housing Dynamics

“…The growing number of urban poor, who live with high levels of indebtedness, evictions and homelessness, are at the receiving end of this structural violence (Paton & Cooper, 2017). Scholars increasingly refer to the mainstreaming of gentrification policies, politics and strategies as a form of expulsion of working classes from cities (Kaufman, 2020;Sassen, 2014;Watt, 2018).…”

Punishment, support, or discipline? Taking stock of recent debates about homeless governance in neoliberal cities

“…NIMBYs contest the siting of homeless services in their neighborhood by harassing nonprofit agencies (Zippay, 2007) and demand limits on homeless assistance to discourage migration of the unsheltered poor into their community (Law, 2001). Local governments respond to NIMBY demands by concentrating social services in high poverty minority neighborhoods where people suffering homelessness are often corralled (Kaufman, 2020; Reese et al., 2010). Authorities have sanctioned homeless encampments as a cheap alternative to emergency shelters where the unsheltered poor are isolated from prime spaces (Herring, 2014; Herring & Lutz, 2015).…”