Expression rate of myogenic regulatory factors
and muscle growth factor after botulinum toxin A injection
in the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx) mice

Botzenhart, Ute; Gerlach, Ricarda; Gredes, Tomasz; Rentzsch, Ines; Gedrange, Tomasz; Kunert‐Keil, Christiane

doi:10.17219/acem/76263

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…TFBS analysis in the myostatin upstream region allowed to predict several potential transcriptional factor binding sites, mainly belonging to the large family of dimerizing transcription factors harboring a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) structural motif, such as MYOD (myogenic differentiation), MYOG (myogenin), MYC (myelocytomatosis viral oncogene), MAX (MYC Associated Factor X), TAL1 (T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia), SREBP (Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein), AHR (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor), ARNT (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator), HEN (Nescient Helix-Loop-Helix 1), HLF (Hepatic Leukemia Factor), USF (Upstream Transcription Factor) (Jones, 2004; Sailsbery and Dean, 2012). Out of them, MYOD and MYOG belong to the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) family known to play key roles in the determination and differentiation of skeletal muscle (Botzenhart et al, 2018). Besides them, a role in regulating myostatin expression has been largely demonstrated for CREB (Xie et al, 2018), MEF (Bo Li et al, 2012; Estrella et al, 2015) and C/EBP (Allen et al, 2010; Deng et al, 2012), for which potential binding sites were also detected in our in silico analysis of the dromedary myostatin gene upstream sequence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Big Five: Investigating Myostatin Structure, Polymorphism and Expression in Camelus dromedarius

et al. 2019

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Myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass in animals, has been shown to play a role in determining muscular hypertrophy in several livestock species, and a high degree of polymorphism has been previously reported for this gene in humans and cattle. In this study, we provide a characterization of the myostatin gene in the dromedary ( Camelus dromedarius ) at the genomic, transcript and protein level. The gene was found to share high structural and sequence similarity with other mammals, notably Old World camelids. 3D modeling highlighted several non-conservative SNP variants compared to the bovine, as well as putative functional variants involved in the stability of the myostatin dimer. NGS data for nine dromedaries from various countries revealed 66 novel SNPs, all of them falling either upstream or downstream the coding region. The analysis also confirmed the presence of three previously described SNPs in intron 1, predicted here to alter both splicing and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), thus possibly impacting myostatin processing and/or regulation. Several putative TFBS were identified in the myostatin upstream region, some of them belonging to the myogenic regulatory factor family. Patterns of SNP distribution across countries, as suggested by Bayesian clustering of the nine dromedaries using the 69 SNPs, pointed to weak geographic differentiation, in line with known recurrent gene flow at ancient trading centers along caravan routes. Myostatin expression was investigated in a set of 8 skeletal muscles, both at transcript and protein level, via Digital Droplet PCR and Western Blotting, respectively. No significant differences were observed at the transcript level, while, at the protein level, the only significant differences concerned the promyostatin dimer (75 kDa), in four pair-wise comparisons, all involving the tensor fasciae latae muscle. Beside the mentioned band at 75 kDa, additional bands were observed at around 40 and 25 kDa, corresponding to the promyostatin monomer and the active C-terminal myostatin dimer, respectively. Their weaker intensity suggests that the unprocessed myostatin dimers could act as important reservoirs of slowly available myostatin forms. Under this assumption, the sequential cleavage steps may contribute additional layers of control within an already complex regulatory framework.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Big Five: Investigating Myostatin Structure, Polymorphism and Expression in Camelus dromedarius

et al. 2019

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“…18 Interestingly, the Akt/ mTOR pathway is able to activate the myogenic differentiation by upregulating MyoD and myogenin. [20][21][22][23] However, there are no studies that addressed if, and to what extent, masticatory muscles are impaired by SD, taking into account inflammatory aspects, autophagy and myogenesis. 19 Some studies have investigated the role of inflammatory cytokines, Akt/mTOR or MyoD/myogenin in masticatory muscles under different contexts and paradigms up to now.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…19 Some studies have investigated the role of inflammatory cytokines, Akt/mTOR or MyoD/myogenin in masticatory muscles under different contexts and paradigms up to now. [20][21][22][23] However, there are no studies that addressed if, and to what extent, masticatory muscles are impaired by SD, taking into account inflammatory aspects, autophagy and myogenesis. Therefore, this justifies this study and others as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

Paradoxical sleep deprivation induces differential biological response in rat masticatory muscles: Inflammation, autophagy and myogenesis

Yujra

Antunes

Mônico‐Neto

et al. 2019

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Background The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sleep deprivation (SD) induces inflammation, autophagy and myogenesis in the following masticatory muscles: masseter and temporal. Methods In this study, 18 animals were randomly distributed into three groups: control group (CTL, n = 6), SD for 96 hours (SD96, n = 6), and SD for 96 hours and more 96 hours of sleep recovery (SD96 + R, n = 6). Results In the histopathological analysis, SD 96 was able to induce inflammation in masseter and temporal. Nevertheless, the lack of inflammatory process was evidenced to the masseter in the group SD96 + R. Upregulation of TNF‐alpha production was detected in the SD96 group, while SD96 + R decreased TNF immunoexpression for both skeletal muscles evaluated. MyoD and myogenin increased in rats submitted to SD96. By contrast, the levels of MyoD decreased in the group SD96 + R. Myogenin pointed out high immunoexpression in SD96 + R groups. In temporal, pAkt decreased in animals submitted to SD96, but it increased in the group SD96 + R. The levels of LC3 protein increased in both skeletal muscles studied, and masseter decreased LC3 protein expression in the SD96 + R. Conclusion In summary, our results demonstrate that SD is able to induce inflammation, atrophy and myogenesis in rat masticatory muscles, being more intense in temporal when compared to masseter.

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“…Out of them, MEF2, DELTAEF1 and MYOG are involved in promoting and regulating the skeletal muscle cell differentiation program during myogenesis [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Moreover, MYOG and MYOD belong to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) that plays a major role in regulating the skeletal muscle differentiation [ 44 ]. Interestingly, MYOD may also regulate muscle repair [ 45 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refining the Camelus dromedarius Myostatin Gene Polymorphism through Worldwide Whole-Genome Sequencing

Bruno

Landi

Senczuk

et al. 2022

Animals

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Myostatin (MSTN) is a highly conserved negative regulator of skeletal muscle in mammals. Inactivating mutations results in a hyper-muscularity phenotype known as “double muscling” in several livestock and model species. In Camelus dromedarius, the gene structure organization and the sequence polymorphisms have been previously investigated, using Sanger and Next-Generation Sequencing technologies on a limited number of animals. Here, we carried out a follow-up study with the aim to further expand our knowledge about the sequence polymorphisms at the myostatin locus, through the whole-genome sequencing data of 183 samples representative of the geographical distribution range for this species. We focused our polymorphism analysis on the ±5 kb upstream and downstream region of the MSTN gene. A total of 99 variants (77 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and 22 indels) were observed. These were mainly located in intergenic and intronic regions, with only six synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in exons. A sequence comparative analysis among the three species within the Camelus genus confirmed the expected higher genetic distance of C. dromedarius from the wild and domestic two-humped camels compared to the genetic distance between C. bactrianus and C. ferus. In silico functional prediction highlighted: (i) 213 differential putative transcription factor-binding sites, out of which 41 relative to transcription factors, with known literature evidence supporting their involvement in muscle metabolism and/or muscle development; and (ii) a number of variants potentially disrupting the canonical MSTN splicing elements, out of which two are discussed here for their potential ability to generate a prematurely truncated (inactive) form of the protein. The distribution of the considered variants in the studied cohort is discussed in light of the peculiar evolutionary history of this species and the hypothesis that extremely high muscularity, associated with a homozygous condition for mutated (inactivating) alleles at the myostatin locus, may represent, in arid desert conditions, a clear metabolic disadvantage, emphasizing the thermoregulatory and water availability challenges typical of these habitats.

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Expression rate of myogenic regulatory factors and muscle growth factor after botulinum toxin A injection in the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx) mice

Abstract: Expression rate of myogenic regulatory factors and muscle growth factor after botulinum toxin A injection in the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx) mice.

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Beyond the Big Five: Investigating Myostatin Structure, Polymorphism and Expression in Camelus dromedarius

Beyond the Big Five: Investigating Myostatin Structure, Polymorphism and Expression in Camelus dromedarius

Paradoxical sleep deprivation induces differential biological response in rat masticatory muscles: Inflammation, autophagy and myogenesis

Refining the Camelus dromedarius Myostatin Gene Polymorphism through Worldwide Whole-Genome Sequencing

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