Expression Profiling of Mouse Placental Lactogen II and Its Correlative Genes Using a cDNA Microarray Analysis in the Developmental Mouse Placenta

Abstract

Abstract. The placenta is a highly differentiated organ essential for embryonic growth and development. In order to search for key molecules that are associated with mouse placental lactogen II (mPL-II) gene expression, we applied mouse cDNA microarray analysis to RNAs extracted from placentae on days 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 of pregnancy. Changes in gene expression were categorized between days 10 and 12, 12 and 14, 14 and 16 and 16 and 18 of pregnancy. After microarray analysis, which had a minimum detectable fold change for differential expression of 2, we selected 10 genes, Apoa2, Apoc2, Ceacam14, Creg1, Fmo1, Igf2, Slc2a1, Spink3, Spi1-1 and Tpbpa, exhibiting a expression pattern similar to the mPL-II gene. Furthermore, we performed real-time PCR analysis and in situ hybridization (ISH) to find correlative expression genes for the mPL-II gene. From these results, we identified a resemblance in gene expression between mPL-II and Igf2 and selected these genes for performance of double-fluorescence immunohistochemical staining. We colocalized these proteins in labyrinthine trophoblast cells. These results strongly suggest that the expression of mPL-II and Igf2 is highly related to placental development in mice. This large-scale identification of genes regulated during placentogenesis assists in further elucidation of the molecular basis of extraembryonic development and function.

Associations Between Paternally Transmitted Fetal IGF2 Variants and Maternal Circulating Glucose Concentrations in Pregnancy

“…Indeed, rs10770125 codes for a missense nonsynonymous leucine-to-proline mutation in this readthrough transcript. However, this transcript was undetectable in our placentas and so is unlikely to explain the associations with maternal glucose concentrations despite its supposed placental expression (38). In contrast, those placentas whose genotypes were associated with higher maternal glucose concentrations had significantly increased IGF-II protein contents and nonsignificant increases in median mRNA expression of IGF2 transcript variants 1 and 2 of a similar magnitude, which may more easily explain the associations given that in mouse models, placental Igf2 expression relates to that of maternal hormones thought to increase maternal glucose concentrations (38).…”

“…However, this transcript was undetectable in our placentas and so is unlikely to explain the associations with maternal glucose concentrations despite its supposed placental expression (38). In contrast, those placentas whose genotypes were associated with higher maternal glucose concentrations had significantly increased IGF-II protein contents and nonsignificant increases in median mRNA expression of IGF2 transcript variants 1 and 2 of a similar magnitude, which may more easily explain the associations given that in mouse models, placental Igf2 expression relates to that of maternal hormones thought to increase maternal glucose concentrations (38). They also had lower expression of the IGF2 low copy number transcript variant 3, although the significance of this is unclear because the IGF-II isoform 2 it codes for is present at approximately eightfold lower levels in human placenta than isoform 1 coded for by transcript variants 1 and 2 (39,40).…”

Genes and signals regulating murine trophoblast cell development

“…It then either remains relatively constant in some mouse strains or continues increasing until the end of pregnancy in others (Faria et al, 1991; Soares et al, 1982; Soares and Talamantes, 1983). PL-II enters the fetal compartment and binds to the widely expressed PRL receptor in the developing foetus (Soares and Talamantes, 1983; Ogren and Talamantes, 1988), and co-localizes with IGF-2 in murine placenta (Ishida et al, 2007). …”

The analysis of human papillomavirus DNA in penile cancer tissue by in�situ hybridization

“…For pathologists who use ISH to detect HPV in tissue, this is a major concern (11). ISH assays using improved signal-detecting methods, which show higher sensitivity, including the enzyme-categorized signal detecting system, have been developed in recent years (12).…”