Expression profiles of lincRNA and mRNA related to milk yield and milk composition traits in the milk-derived exosomes of Holstein and Doğu Anadolu Kırmızısı cows

Abstract

Introduction Several nutrients, growth factors, metabolic hormones, and cytokines are found in bovine milk; it is well known that bovine milk contains important nutrients for humans [1,2]. Milk yield is one of the most important issues faced by dairy cattle farms [3]. In addition, factors such as protein and fat percentage are important determinants of milk quality [4]. Breeding studies to increase milk yield are very important for the continuity of dairy cattle farms. In recent years, the most common breeding technique used for this purpose is genomic selection, including genomewide association studies (GWASs) [3], gene expression [4], and quantitative trait locus (QTL) [5]. Milk produced by humans and several other animal species such as cows, swine, and yaks contains different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies, which play a role in several biological pathways. Moreover, EVs are related to mammary gland health. Most exosomes, which are a type of EV, are from 30 to 100 nm in size, and are released from different populations of cells into the microenvironment, under both normal and pathological events [6,7]. When proteomic analysis is performed, exosomes derived from milk can be distinguished from milk fat globule membranes by their enzymatic and transport differences [8]. Exosomes carry circulating nucleic acids, including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), ribosomal RNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), transfer RNA, and variably DNA, all of which also carry proteins. These nucleic acids, which are found in exosomes, can pass from one cell to another and affect protein production in cells [9]. With new sequencing technology, a growing number of transcripts have been identified in humans and animals. The most prominent of these transcripts are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are miRNA, tRNA halves (tiRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNAs) with lengths of less than 200 bp and lncRNAs with lengths of more than 200 bp. lncRNAs can be characterized as antisense lncRNAs, intronic lncRNAs, bidirectional lncRNAs, intergenic lncRNAs (lincRNA), and senseoverlapping lncRNAs based on their locations. Recent studies have revealed the discovery of several lncRNAs in eukaryotic organisms, especially lincRNA, which play a role in chromatin modification, epigenetic regulation, genomic imprinting, and transcriptional control. Preand posttranslational mRNA processing has also been

Identification of lncRNA-mRNA interactions and genome-wide lncRNA annotation in animal transcriptome profiling

“…Therefore, a method of conducting mRNA and lncRNA analysis is actively used as an experimental design for exploring animal traits. Importantly, it is used in a wide variety of fields, including production traits (120)(121)(122)(123) and quality traits (124)(125)(126)(127), milk production (128)(129)(130), egg production (9,131,132), stress (133)(134)(135), diseases (136) and reproductive traits (137)(138)(139)(140).…”