Expression patterns of FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 map to bacterial entry sites in plant shoots and roots

Abstract

SummaryExpression of the flagellin receptor FLS2 is regulated in a cell/tissue-specific and stress-induced manner that correlated with sites of bacterial infection. The vasculature expresses FLS2 and responds to flagellin.

Should I fight or should I grow now? The role of cytokinins in plant growth and immunity and in the growth–defence trade-off

“…In contrast to shoots, the control of plant immunity in roots has been largely understudied. Recent work has demonstrated that FLS2 is under different transcriptional control in roots and shoots (Beck et al, 2014). Given the importance of cytokinin for root development and the recent discovery of transcriptional regulation of FLS2 through altered cytokinin levels (Hann et al, 2014), it is possible to suggest that cytokinins may be involved in the control of root immunity, conceivably by regulation of the FLS2 transcript levels in root cells.…”

An Allelic Series of bak1 Mutations Differentially Alter bir1 Cell Death, Immune Response, Growth, and Root Development Phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…BIR1 may be acting similarly in negatively regulating BAK1 association with primary receptors for PTI. Given the recent data that flg22 treatment leads to a reduction in LR density (Beck et al 2014), the observed defect in bir1-1 LR development, and the suppression of this defect in bak1-5; bir1-1 plants, it is likely that this defect may be caused by inappropriate BAK1-dependent PTI signaling. Further analysis will be necessary to uncover this link.…”

“…It was reported previously that bir1-1 mutants display reduced numbers of LRs, but no quantification has been published (Wang et al 2011). In addition, it has been shown recently that treatment of seedlings with the pathogen elicitor peptide flg22 leads to a reduction in overall LR number (Beck et al 2014). To determine the basis of the apparent reduction of mature LRs in bir1-1, 14-dag roots were fixed, cleared, and analyzed microscopically to assess the density of LRP at stages I-VII of development, as well as to characterize the quantity of LRs at the emergence and mature stages.…”

“…Not all initiated LRP mature into LRs, and this maturation is controlled in part by hormone and nutrient concentration (Malamy 2005). Major plant hormones, including BR, affect LR development, and recently, it was shown that treatment with the PAMP flg22, perceived by FLS2, results in a reduction in LR number (Fukaki and Tasaka 2009;Beck et al 2014).serk1; bak1; bkk1 triple mutants are insensitive to BR treatment and cannot be rescued by BRI1 overexpression, suggesting that BR signaling is completely impaired in their absence (Gou et al 2012). Both bri1 mutants and serk1; bak1; bkk1 triple mutants exhibit a reduction in the size and cell number of the root meristematic zone; however, serk1; bak1; bkk1 defects are more severe than those seen in bri1 or BR biosynthetic mutants, suggesting that these receptors function via an additional BR-independent pathway in the root.…”

“…Not all initiated LRP mature into LRs, and this maturation is controlled in part by hormone and nutrient concentration (Malamy 2005). Major plant hormones, including BR, affect LR development, and recently, it was shown that treatment with the PAMP flg22, perceived by FLS2, results in a reduction in LR number (Fukaki and Tasaka 2009;Beck et al 2014).…”