Expression of α2 adrenoceptors during rat brain development—I. α2A messenger RNA expression

Winzer‐Serhan, Ursula H.; Raymon, Heather K.; Broide, Ron S.; Chen, Y; Leslie, Frances M.

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00368-5

Cited by 104 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Images were acquired and analyzed by using the dedicated OLYMPUS FLUOVIEW software. We conducted in situ hybridization experiments as described (29). We excised a Ϸ500-bp BamHI-XhoI MGL cDNA fragment from pBS-MGL and ligated it to BamHI-XhoI-digested pBluescript-SK (pBS-MGL-IS).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation

Dinh

Carpenter

Leslie

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,211

967

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The endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) are lipid molecules that may mediate retrograde signaling at central synapses and other forms of short-range neuronal communication. The monoglyceride 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) meets several criteria of an endocannabinoid substance: (i) it activates cannabinoid receptors; (ii) it is produced by neurons in an activity-dependent manner; and (iii) it is rapidly eliminated. 2-AG inactivation is only partially understood, but it may occur by transport into cells and enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we tested the hypothesis that monoglyceride lipase (MGL), a serine hydrolase that converts monoglycerides to fatty acid and glycerol, participates in 2-AG inactivation. We cloned MGL by homology from a rat brain cDNA library. Its cDNA sequence encoded for a 303-aa protein with a calculated molecular weight of 33,367 daltons. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that MGL mRNA is heterogeneously expressed in the rat brain, with highest levels in regions where CB1 cannabinoid receptors are also present (hippocampus, cortex, anterior thalamus, and cerebellum). Immunohistochemical studies in the hippocampus showed that MGL distribution has striking laminar specificity, suggesting a presynaptic localization of the enzyme. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of MGL cDNA into rat cortical neurons increased MGL expression and attenuated N-methyl-D-aspartate/carbachol-induced 2-AG accumulation in these cells. No such effect was observed on the accumulation of anandamide, another endocannabinoid lipid. The results suggest that hydrolysis by means of MGL is a primary mechanism for 2-AG inactivation in intact neurons

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation

Dinh

Carpenter

Leslie

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,211

967

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“…Furthermore, although α 2A -and α 2C -receptors are present at low levels in adult motoneurons, developmental studies suggest opposite developmental patterns of expression (1372,1373). Thus α 2A -receptors are transiently expressed in rat motoneurons at high levels during embryonic and early postnatal periods, reaching sustained low levels by approximately postnatal day 14 (1372); in contrast, α 2C -expression increases from undetectable levels in the embryo and neonate to reach somewhat higher levels in the adult (1373).…”

Section: Ligands Receptors and Sources Of Ne Input To Motoneurons-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability

Rekling

Funk

Bayliss

et al. 2000

Physiological Reviews

527

480

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Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the principal extrinsic action of the brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action potentials generated by motoneurons. The processes that determine the firing behavior of motoneurons are therefore important in understanding the transformation of neural activity to motor behavior. Here, we review recent studies on the control of motoneuronal excitability, focusing on synaptic and cellular properties. We first present a background description of motoneurons: their development, anatomical organization, and membrane properties, both passive and active. We then describe the general anatomical organization of synaptic input to motoneurons, followed by a description of the major transmitter systems that affect motoneuronal excitability, including ligands, receptor distribution, pre-and postsynaptic actions, signal transduction, and functional role. Glutamate is the main excitatory, and GABA and glycine are the main inhibitory transmitters acting through ionotropic receptors. These amino acids signal the principal motor commands from peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal structures. Amines, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, and neuropeptides, as well as the glutamate and GABA acting at metabotropic receptors, modulate motoneuronal excitability through pre-and postsynaptic actions. Acting principally via second messenger systems, their actions converge on common effectors, e.g., leak K + current, cationic inward current, hyperpolarization-activated inward current, Ca 2+ channels, or presynaptic release processes. Together, these numerous inputs mediate and modify incoming motor commands, ultimately generating the coordinated firing patterns that underlie muscle contractions during motor behavior.

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“…The role of noradrenergic modulation in odor learning, as well as the receptors involved in learning, change after the critical period; this behavioral observations has also been confirmed in brain slice recordings: there is a marked increase in the density of ␤-receptor binding in the rat olfactory bulb from P12 to P30 (Woo and Leon 1995). The expression of mRNA for the ␣2A-receptor subtype increases until P21, but levels are lower in the adult olfactory bulb (Winzer-Serhan et al 1997), and the effects of NE as well as the specific receptors involved in these effects differed in slices obtained in younger (P9 -P13) or older rats (P19 -P21) (Pandipati et al 2010). For the sake of consistency and focus on adult perception and learning, we therefore only discuss results obtained in animals after the critical learning period and only briefly mention results in younger animals.…”

Section: Noradrenergic Modulation Of Bulbar Processing: Electrophysiomentioning

confidence: 99%