The sections in this article are:
Components of the Renin–Angiotensin System
Prorenin/Renin
Renin Gene Structure, Evolutionary Function, and Regulation
Biosynthesis and Chemiosmotic Activation
Tissue Distribution in Health and Disease
Kidney
Heart and Blood Vessels
Adrenal
Brain
Eye, Liver, and Intestine
Ovary, Uterus, Testis, and Sex Accessory and Subcutaneous Tissue
Submandibular Gland
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Renal Hypertensive Rat
Growth Retardation
Relative Renin Plasma Levels and Suggestive Meaning
Angiotensinogen
Biochemical Properties
Tissue Expression and In Situ Regulation
Factors Regulating Release
Mechanism of Action and Physiological Effects
Summary and Challenges
Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme
Molecular Structure and Regulation
Active Sites and Catalytic Properties
Tissue Distribution
Summary and Challenges
Angiotensin Peptides
Aldosterone
Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Secretion and Its Regulation
Angiotensin II
Potassium
Corticotropin and Other Proopiomelanocortin Peptides
Various Stimulators of Aldosterone Secretion
Various Inhibitors of Aldosterone Secretion
Cellular Actions
Disorders of Aldosterone Secretion
Systemic Regulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis
Regulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis
Integrative Regulation of Sodium Volume and Blood Pressure Homeostasis
Integrative Regulation of Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis
Integrative Regulation by Potassium and Hydrogen in Volume Homeostasis
Polyendocrinopathy Type III: Systemic Dysregulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis
Primary and Pseudoprimary Aldosteronism
Secondary Aldosteronism: Renin Tumors and Edematous States
High‐Renin States and Low‐Renin Syndromes
Summary and Challenges: Defining Functions and Processing Strategies of Renin–Angiotensin System Molecules