Expression of the <i>Theobroma cacao Bax‐inhibitor‐1</i> gene in tomato reduces infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen <i>Moniliophthora perniciosa</i>

Scotton, Danielle Camargo; Azevedo, Mariana da Silva; Sestari, Ivan; Silva, Jamille Santos da; Souza, Lucas Anjos; Peres, Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira; Leal, Gildemberg Amorim; Figueira, Antônio

doi:10.1111/mpp.12463

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Alternative approaches have been to extract cacao metabolites of economic value [8] from the pod husks [5,9,10] or to subject the macerated pod husks to aerobic fermentation that curbs the development of pathogenic microbes and produces a stable compost (biofertilizer) with antifungal activity that can be safely spread on the cacao farm [11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cacao is produced in monocultures with up to 1,000 tress per hectar and this creates two problems: (a) phytopathogens like the basideomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broommay cause dramatic losses in crop production and (b) the processing of the ripe cacao pods on the farm leaves a huge amount of organic waste in form of the empty pod husks [3][4][5]. Some million tons of cacao pod husks are disposed of every year, often left behind in the fields, resulting in an undesirable waste of organic material [6] that contains valuable organic compounds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fermented Theobroma Cacao Pod Husk Extract: Genotoxicity in Mammalian Cells, Yeast and Bacteria

Rx¹,

Oliveira²,

Ga³

et al. 2017

IJCAM

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Theobroma cacao L. is a plant of economic importance to the region south of Bahia. Of culture cocoa is generated a large amount of waste from the rind of the fruit, which is underused. New technologies were encouraged to use and reduction of this waste so that cocoa can be fully used. We therefore evaluated the cocoa pod husks (CHE) revealed that levels of transition metals such a zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). We also evaluate sensitivity and genotoxicity/mutagenicity of CHE in trials established test (comet assay, tests in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Salmonella/microsome test). It was observed that yeast cells harboring STAT fet3Δ, aft1Δ and mutant alleles were sensitive to CHE compared to isogenic WT. Comet assay in V79 CHE-exposed cells showed no DNA damage. No mutations induced in CHE-TA98 and TA100 strains of S. typhimurium (with or without metabolic activation) was observed in the yeast strain XV185-14c CHE-exposed failed to induce mutations. CHE non-recombinogenic events induced in the diploid yeast strain XS2316. Absence of genotoxicity and demonstration of a non-toxic potential suggest that CHE, or some substances contained in it, may hold promise for a biotechnological application.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermented Theobroma Cacao Pod Husk Extract: Genotoxicity in Mammalian Cells, Yeast and Bacteria

Rx¹,

Oliveira²,

Ga³

et al. 2017

IJCAM

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“…As poliaminas estão associadas aos polissacarídeos pectina e no controle de deposição de lignina (Wojtasik et al, 2015) Recentemente, foi mostrado que a infecção de M. perniciosa em tomateiro MT se caracteriza como uma quebra de resistência não-hospedeiro (non-host) pelo biótipo-S (Deganello et al, 2014). A superexpressão de um gene anti-apoptótico de cacaueiro, BAX-INHIBITOR-1 (TcBI-1) em tomateiro MT, afetou a penetração de esporos germinativos, restaurando parcialmente a resistência não-hospedeiro do biótipo S em MT (Scotton et al, 2017).…”

Section: Metabolismo De Poliaminasunclassified

Análise metabolômica da interação Moniliophthora perniciosa x Solanum lycopersicum

Paschoal¹

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Witches' broom is a major disease of cacao, limiting cocoa production in South America. The basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, the disease causative agent, presents hemibiotrophic lifestyle with an extensive biotrophic period, promoting typical symptoms of hypertrophic growth of stems and proliferation of axillary shoots. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. 'Micro-Tom' (MT) is a suitable genetic model to study pathogenic interaction of S-biotype M. perniciosa, exhibiting typical symptoms of the infection. Considering the lack of knowledge regarding biochemical and physiological mechanisms of M. perniciosa pathogenesis, this study aimed to investigate physiological and metabolic changes during MT infection of M. perniciosa. Inoculation of M. perniciosa caused stem thickening, leaf chlorosis and reduction in root growth and fruits in MT. We also observed a decline in photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal closure, increase in intracellular CO2, decrease in leaf transpiration and an increase on stem Proline, polyamines, and ascorbate oxidation exhibits an oxidative stress environment at the site of MT infection, whereas the accumulation of raffinose and GABA suggests ROS neutralization, mitigating its harmful effects. At 30 DAI, carbon reallocation and sugar signaling pathways were shifted. Sucrose exogenous application in MT infected plants by M. perniciosa reduced symptoms of stem swelling, but did not reduce root growth or number of fruits. Inoculation of single-flower truss sft mutant and its opposite 35S::SFT with M. pernciosa demonstrated that pathogen infection did not affect transition from vegetative to reproductive meristem, but decreased the development of flowers. Finally, inoculation of lutescent and green flesh senescence mutants neither altered symptoms of infection, nor enabled the observation of necrosis of infected tissue in MT background, as observed in cacao infected by M. perniciosa. A model for biochemical and physiological changes during MT infection by M. perniciosa was proposed.

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“…Para estudo do patossistema M. perniciosa X T. cacao, tem-se adotado o tomateiro "Micro-Tom" como modelo, principalmente pela disponibilidade de isolados de M. perniciosa que infectam solanáceas (biótipo-S) e apresentam sintomas semelhantes aos que se observa em T. cacao. Outras vantagens que o uso deste cultivar apresenta incluem o porte reduzido, ciclo relativamente curto e protocolos bem estabelecidos transformação genética, permitindo que descobertas sejam feitas e extrapoladas em um menor tempo, sem todas as dificuldades biológicas de estudálas em plantas de T. cacao (Deganello et al, 2014;Scotton et al, 2017).…”

Section: O Patossistema M Perniciosa X T Cacaounclassified

“…O tomateiro "Micro-Tom" (MT) foi escolhido para estudo da interação M. perniciosa X T. cacao, por já ter sido validado em outro estudos e principalmente por ser suscetível ao biótipo S de M. perniciosa que infecta solanáceas o que traz considerável simplificação da metodologia de estudo deste patossistema (Scotton et al, 2017;Deganello et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Análise da capacidade de silenciamento gênico de Moniliophthora perniciosa como método de controle

Dressano¹

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The Basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of the disease known as "witch's broom disease", which affects cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) and is one of the main detractors of the productivity of this crop in Brazil and worldwide. The damage to cacao trees resulting from infection by this plant pathogen includes fruit rot and induction of lateral shoots in the infected branches, resulting in general weakening of the plants. Control methods of this disease, such as genetic resistance, phytosanitary pruning and chemical control have been shown to be palliative measures. Given the peculiarities of this pathosystem, one of the envisioned alternatives is the development of biologically active compounds on essential metabolic pathways capable of reducing the damage caused by the disease. In the biotrophic phase of M. perniciosa, it has been found that the alternative electron transfer pathway played by the enzyme alternative mitochondrial oxidase (AOX) is important for ATP production and fungicide tolerance. Recently, it was shown that in vitro and in vivo inhibiton of this enzyme reduced the viability of M. perniciosa spores. In this work, a new in vivo approach is purposed for the evaluation of AOX synthetic inhibitor to assess its efficacy against M. perniciosa in the tomato model 'Micro-Tom' (MT), sourced by roots via nutrient solution. On the other hand, understanding the mechanisms of phytopathogenic fungi infection paves the way for new control strategies. Recent reports in other pathosystems suggest that, in addition to effector proteins, pathogens employ small RNAs (sRNA) for direct manipulation of the plant defense system. Hosts expressing double-stranded RNA corresponding to target genes of the pathogen, including filamentous fungi, have been shown to generate small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that lead to the silencing of these target genes, in an approach named Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS). This project aimed to confirm the presence of genetic machinery for the production and processing of small RNAs (sRNA) and the RNA interference mechanism in the M. perniciosa genome. In addition, the 'Micro-Tom' (MT) model tomato was genetically transformed to express one of the key components of this mechanism (Dicers enzymes) to understand its role in the pathogenicity of M. perniciosa in future studies. As a result, alternative oxidase inhibitor (AOX) '7j-41' preventively administered to inoculation of M. perniciosa basidiospores was effective in reducing the severity of infection and protecting plant biomass from the deleterious effects of the pathogen. M. perniciosa has in its genome genes participating in the canonical gene silencing pathway described in fungi, including three Dicers (DCL), 10 Argonauts (AGO), and seven RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRPs). These genes were mainly expressed in the monocariotic, dicariotic, primordial and basidioma mycelium phases, suggesting importance in several stages of plant-pathogen interaction. Transgenic 'Micro-Tom' tomato plants have been success...

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Expression of the Theobroma cacao Bax‐inhibitor‐1 gene in tomato reduces infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa

Cited by 13 publications

References 51 publications

Fermented Theobroma Cacao Pod Husk Extract: Genotoxicity in Mammalian Cells, Yeast and Bacteria

Fermented Theobroma Cacao Pod Husk Extract: Genotoxicity in Mammalian Cells, Yeast and Bacteria

Análise metabolômica da interação Moniliophthora perniciosa x Solanum lycopersicum

Análise da capacidade de silenciamento gênico de Moniliophthora perniciosa como método de controle

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