“…The shunt undergoes vascular recruitment secondary to angiogenic stimulation and subsequent fistula maturation with intimal thickening and venous dilation. 9,21 dAVFs may occur in the absence of venous sinus pathology and have been described to occur in relation to infection, 7 tumors, 7,16,22 post-neurosurgery, 2,5,7,8,16,19,23 hormonal imbalance, 2,7,16,23 hypercoagulable states, 2,7,16,24,25 and arterial dysplasia. 7 Thrombophlebitis, tumor-related cytokinesis, and disruption of normal hemodynamic flow, contributing to chronic hypoperfusion and dural hypoxia, directly stimulate angiogenic factors.…”