Expression of mineralisation-regulating proteins in association with human vascular calcification

Abstract

These studies imply that both medial and intimal vascular calcification are regulated processes; however the aetiology of each pathology differs.

Acetylated Low-Density Lipoprotein Stimulates Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification by Promoting Osteoblastic Differentiation and Inhibiting Phagocytosis

“…These genes were not expressed by normal medial VSMCs (data not shown 17 ). In addition, isolated, lipid-filled VSMCs in the intima also coexpressed these bone markers ( Figure 1B).…”

“…As previously reported, human VSMCs default to an osteo/chondrocytic phenotype in vitro, and their expression of bone markers changes as calcification occurs. 17 Compared with native LDL-treated controls, LPDS-treated cells expressed higher levels of OP and BGP. Treatment with acLDL increased expression of ALK and BSP by day 21.…”

“…15 However, in calcified atherosclerotic plaques, other bone-associated proteins have been detected, including bone morphogenetic proteins, bone sialoprotein (BSP), alkaline phosphatase (ALK), and bone Gla protein (BGP). 16,17 The exact role of these induced proteins in regulating mineralization is not known, but their presence implies that osteogenic conversion of VSMCs may occur in calcified vessels. Indeed, extensive evidence in vitro has shown that VSMCs take on an osteo/chondrocytic phenotype.…”

Characterization of Osteocalcin (BGP) and Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) Fish Specific Antibodies: Validation for Immunodetection Studies in Lower Vertebrates

“…Each antibody recognized either BGP or MGP with no cross-reaction between proteins detected. All purified fish BGPs and MGPs tested were shown to be specifically recognized, thus validating the use of these antibodies for further studies.Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) and Bone Gla Protein (BGP, osteocalcin) belong to the family of vitamin K-dependent (VKD), c-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing proteins that have been unequivocally associated with bone formation and mineralization [1][2][3][4], and more recently, with vascular calcification [5][6][7][8][9][10].MGP is a 10-15 kDa-secreted protein, containing 4-5 residues (depending on the species) of the Ca 2+ binding Gla residue [11][12][13][14][15] while BGP is a small secreted protein with approximately 6 kDa molecular weight and includes three Gla residues. Although there is little information about the regulation of expression of these proteins in teleosts, BGP in teleost fish has been shown to be associated with bone-like mineralized tissues present in branchial arches, jaw, vertebra and scales [15,16] while MGP was only recently found to accumulate, mainly in the extracellular matrix of calcified cartilage [15].…”

“…Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) and Bone Gla Protein (BGP, osteocalcin) belong to the family of vitamin K-dependent (VKD), c-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing proteins that have been unequivocally associated with bone formation and mineralization [1][2][3][4], and more recently, with vascular calcification [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”