Expression of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor, and glycoprotein 130 correlates with good prognoses for patients with breast carcinoma

The −174 G/C gene polymorphism in interleukin-6 is associated with an aggressive breast cancer phenotype

“…These have been proposed to play a role in the growth and differentiation of mammary epithelial tissue. The levels of IL-6 mRNA and protein are strongly reduced in invasive ductal carcinomas, suggesting an inverse relationship between tumour aggressiveness and the expression of this cytokine (Basolo et al, 1996;Fontanini et al, 1999;Karczewska et al, 2000). Since the common À174 G/C polymorphism has been linked to reduced production of IL-6 (Fishman et al, 1998), we hypothesised that this genetic variant may be associated with a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype.…”

“…High serum levels of IL-6 have been associated with advanced stage disease and worse prognosis for several cancer types including ovarian, breast and colorectal (Berek et al, 1991;Zhang and Adachi, 1999;Belluco et al, 2000;Bachelot et al, 2003). In contrast, however, high levels of IL-6 protein and mRNA expression within the breast carcinoma tissue have been linked to better prognosis and to a less malignant phenotype (Basolo et al, 1996;Fontanini et al, 1999;Karczewska et al, 2000).A common G/C polymorphism located within the IL-6 promoter at position À174 has been reported to influence IL-6 expression, with the G allele being associated with higher expression levels (Fishman et al, 1998;Terry et al, 2000;Vickers et al, 2002). This polymorphism has been implicated in a number of chronic disease conditions including arthritis, coronary heart disease and diabetes (Fishman et al, 1998;Fernandez-Real et al, 2000;Yudkin et al, 2000).…”

“…High serum levels of IL-6 have been associated with advanced stage disease and worse prognosis for several cancer types including ovarian, breast and colorectal (Berek et al, 1991;Zhang and Adachi, 1999;Belluco et al, 2000;Bachelot et al, 2003). In contrast, however, high levels of IL-6 protein and mRNA expression within the breast carcinoma tissue have been linked to better prognosis and to a less malignant phenotype (Basolo et al, 1996;Fontanini et al, 1999;Karczewska et al, 2000).…”

Growth inhibition of human mammary carcinoma by liposomal hexadecylphosphocholine: Participation of activated macrophages in the antitumor mechanism

“…42 In addition, IL-6 receptor expression was demonstrated to be correlated with an increased 5-years-overall survival in breast cancer patients indicating tumor growth inhibition and was used in clinical trials für treatment of other types of cancer indicating potent efficiency in vivo. 43,44 On the basis of these studies a potent cytotoxic in vivo effect of TNF ␣, probably in synergism with IFN␥, and of IL-6 on the used breast cancer cells is concluded. The fact that no IL-1␣ could be induced by L-HPC was somewhat unexpected since other ether lipids have been reported to do so.…”

Interleukin-6 Expression on the Biliary Epithelia During Inflammation-Associated Biliary Carcinogenesis in Bilioenterostomized Hamsters

“…The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), originally identified as a T cell-derived factor which triggers antibody secretion and the final maturation of B cells (9), is a multifunctional cytokine produced by a wide variety of cells, including macrophages (10), lymphocytes (11), fibroblasts (12) and several carcinoma cells (13)(14)(15)(16)(17) while also mediating inflammatory reactions and immune-mediated processes (18,19). On the other hand, IL-6 acts as a growth-regulating factor that interacts with specific membrane receptors on the tumor cell surface to induce proliferation or prolongation of survival of the tumor cells (20).…”