Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation in melanoma

Schanab, Oliver; Humer, Johannes; Gleiß, Andreas; Mikula, Mario; Sturlan, Sanda; Grunt, Susanne; Okamoto, Ichiro; Muster, Thomas; Pehamberger, Hubert; Waltenberger, Andrea

doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00860.x

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A recent study by Schmitt et al identified an HML-2 locus transcribed in melanomaderived samples only [118]. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that exposure to UV can activate HERVs, and HML-2 transcripts, in particular [118-120]. …”

Section: Transposable Elements and Ionizing Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of transposable elements to environmental stressors

Miousse

Chalbot

Lumen

et al. 2015

Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research

125

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Transposable elements (TEs) comprise a group of repetitive sequences that bring positive, negative, as well as neutral effects to the host organism. Earlier considered as “junk DNA,” TEs are now well-accepted driving forces of evolution and critical regulators the of expression of genetic information. Their activity is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including methylation of DNA and histone modifications. The loss of epigenetic control over TEs, exhibited as loss of DNA methylation and decondensation of the chromatin structure, may result in TEs reactivation, initiation of their insertional mutagenesis (retrotransposition) and has been reported in numerous human diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that these alterations are not the simple consequences of the disease, but often may drive the pathogenesis, as they can be detected early during disease development. Knowledge derived from the in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies, clearly demonstrates that exposure to ubiquitous environmental stressors, many of which are carcinogens or suspected carcinogens, are capable of causing alterations in methylation and expression of TEs and initiate retrotransposition events. Evidence summarized in this review suggests that TEs are the sensitive endpoints for detection of effects caused by such environmental stressors, as ionizing radiation (terrestrial, space, and UV-radiation), air pollution (including particulate matter [PM]-derived and gaseous), persistent organic pollutants, and metals. Furthermore, the significance of these effects is characterized by their early appearance, persistence and presence in both, target organs and peripheral blood. Altogether, these findings suggest that TEs may potentially be introduced into safety and risk assessment and serve as biomarkers of exposure to environmental stressors. Furthermore, TEs also show significant potential to become invaluable surrogate biomarkers in clinic and possible targets for therapeutic modalities for disease treatment and prevention.

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Section: Transposable Elements and Ionizing Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of transposable elements to environmental stressors

Miousse

Chalbot

Lumen

et al. 2015

Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…1). Since Tat has been shown to activate both viral and cellular genes (15,52,86,90,110), and since we observed that Jurkat-Tat cells have higher HERV-K (HML-2) gag RNA expression compared to the parental Jurkat counterpart, we hypothesized that the HIV-1 Tat protein might play a role in activating HERV-K (HML-2) expression during HIV-1 infection.…”

Section: Herv-k (Hml-2) Rna Expression Is Increased In Hiv-1-infectedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible role for HERV-K (HML-2) in pathogenesis has been considered in disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and neuroinflammation (3,36,43,53,77,90,112,113). Certain malignancies, most commonly germ cell tumors, melanoma, breast tumors, and prostate cancer, also show high levels of HERV-K (HML-2) antigen expression (18,59,62,104,110,132), sometimes accompanied by the production of viral particles (12,89), and yet the actual contribution of HERVs to disease remains to be characterized.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HML-2) Is Activated by the Tat Protein of HIV-1

Gonzalez-Hernandez

Swanson

Contreras-Galindo

et al. 2012

J Virol

110

128

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“…25,41 Expression of HERV-K sequences in melanocytes and melanoma cells can be regulated by UVR. 33,43,44 Reiche et al 43 showed that after exposure to UVC, the expression of HERV-K was up-regulated in normal human epidermal melanocytes, but down-regulated or remained unchanged in melanoma cell lines. This study is consistent with a role, if any, of UVC and HERV-K in the initiation stage of melanoma development.…”

Section: Advances In Genomics Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study is consistent with a role, if any, of UVC and HERV-K in the initiation stage of melanoma development. Schanab et al 44 reported that irradiation with UVB resulted in a significant transcriptional activation of HERV-K POL and ENV genes, and induced the production of retroviral-like particles. Since the positive effects were not observed in benign melanocytes, this study supports a role of UVB in the malignant progression of melanoma cells.…”

Section: Advances In Genomics Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

K-type human endogenous retroviral elements in human melanoma

Rincon¹,

Sedrak²,

Sun³

et al. 2014

AGG

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Human endogenous retroviral elements (HERVs) are thought to be germline-integrated genetic remnants of exogenous retroviral infections. HERVs comprise approximately 5%-8% of the human genome. Although all HERV genomes are highly defective, some, especially the K type (HERV-K), have the potential to be expressed and have biological activities. HERV-K expression has been detected in human melanomas. There are also reports on the regulation and potential activities of HERV-K in melanoma cells. Although a causal link between the activation of HERV-K and melanoma development has yet to be determined, existing data support the further research efforts in this area. In this review, we summarize the published studies on the expression, regulation, and activity of HERV-K in human melanoma.

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Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation in melanoma

Cited by 39 publications

References 47 publications

Response of transposable elements to environmental stressors

Response of transposable elements to environmental stressors

Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HML-2) Is Activated by the Tat Protein of HIV-1

K-type human endogenous retroviral elements in human melanoma

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