Expression of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta in Breast Cancers of Pre- and Post-menopausal Women

Murillo-Ortíz, Blanca; Pérez-Luque, Elva; Malacara, Juan Manuel; Daza-Benítez, Leonel; Hernández-González, Martha Alicia; Benı́tez-Bribiesca, Luis

doi:10.1007/s12253-008-9088-y

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“… 24 Studies demonstrated that when ER-β expression decreases owing to the reduced production of estrogen, cellular proliferation becomes uncontrolled, leading to metastasis. 24 , 25 The decrease in ER-β expression and the consequent disturbance in the balance between ER-α and ER-β are thought to be associated with resistance to the ER antagonist tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. 6 , 26 , 27 Given that the patient population comprised Medicare beneficiaries, all women were in their postmenopausal period and were likely to have experienced a decrease in ER-β expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expression of estrogen receptor (ER)–β is directly related to the endogenous estrogen level . Studies demonstrated that when ER-β expression decreases owing to the reduced production of estrogen, cellular proliferation becomes uncontrolled, leading to metastasis . The decrease in ER-β expression and the consequent disturbance in the balance between ER-α and ER-β are thought to be associated with resistance to the ER antagonist tamoxifen in breast cancer cells .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association Between Sex and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes for Patients With Melanoma

et al. 2021

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Key Points Question Does the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy vary between female and male patients with advanced melanoma? Findings In this population-based cohort study that included 1369 patients 65 years of age or older with advanced melanoma, a significant sex difference in overall mortality was seen among patients treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination immunotherapy, with women having a 2-fold higher mortality risk than their male counterparts. Meaning This study suggests that the sex of the patient must be considered when designing a treatment strategy for patients with metastatic melanoma to optimize outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Sex and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes for Patients With Melanoma

et al. 2021

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“…As women age and their nascent levels of estrogen decline, the expression of estrogen receptor B is down-regulated (34). Loss of estrogen receptor β is emerging as a common step in hormone-dependent tumor progression in several cancer models(35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Disparities in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Survival

Hendifar

Yang²,

Lenz³

et al. 2009

Clinical Cancer Research

179

138

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Purpose: Previous studies have shown that estrogen prevents colon cancer in postmenopausal women, indicating a role in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis and tumor progression. We investigated the interactions between sex, age, ethnicity, and year of diagnosis on overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). Experimental Design: We screened 52,882 patients with MCRC from 1988 to 2004, using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry. Age at diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, tumor location, year of diagnosis, OS, and cancer-specific survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards model. The models were adjusted for marital status, tumor site, tumor differentiation, and treatment with radiation and/or surgery. Results: We observed that younger women (18-44 years old) with MCRC lived longer than younger men (17 months versus 14; P < 0.0001, log-rank test). In contrast, older women (55 years and older) had significantly worse OS than older men (7 months versus 9; P < 0.0001, log-rank test). In multivariate analysis, we found that gender discrepancies have widened in recent years; young women diagnosed after 2000 have improved cancer-specific survival, compared to men (hazard ratio, 0.778; 95% confidence interval, 0.669-0.904), but those diagnosed before 2000 benefit less (hazard ratio, 0.931; 95% confidence interval, 0.821-1.056). Conclusion: As one of the largest data sets analyzed to establish that younger women with MCRC survive longer than younger men, hormonal status not only seems to play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer but also may be of prognostic significance. These data warrant further studies to determine the role of estrogen in colorectal cancer. ( The effect of gender on colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is well established. At all ages, women are less likely to develop CRC than men (1, 2). Indeed, their risk is comparable to men 4 to 8 years younger in age (3). Variable environmental exposures and comorbidities may contribute to these findings; however, an alternate explanation is emerging.In the Women's Health Initiative trial, postmenopausal hormone use was associated with a 40% decrease in colorectal cancer (4). This association between hormone replacement therapy and colon cancer prevention is consistent with previous reports (5, 6). Hormones also protect premenopausal women, as oral contraceptive use reduces the risk of developing CRC by ∼20% (7, 8). The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear, but these findings parallel reports that menopause increases a woman's risk of developing colon cancer over premenopausal women of the same age (9).Gender differences in CRC extend to environmental sequelae, tumor biology, and therapeutic response. For example, obesity (10) and a sedentary lifestyle (11) increase the risk of colon cancer mostly in men. There is also evidence that tumorigenesis may be gender specific as women are more likely to develop right-sided tumors with the microsatelllite instability phenotyp...

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“…In human breast epithelial cells, c-Myb expression is regulated by estrogen receptors (ERs) [ 12 ]. Analysis of breast tumours samples indicated a very high level of expression of estrogen in postmenopausal women in comparison with their pre-menopausal counterparts though, the expression of ERs remains unchanged [ 13 ]. This high level of estrogen can activate the expression of c-MYB which in turn drives uncontrolled cell proliferation by activating one of its downstream anti-apoptotic genes Bcl2 .…”

Section: Targeting the Regulatory Mechanisms That Control The Gene Ex...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting transcription factors in cancer drug discovery

Mitra

2020

Exploration of Targeted Anti-Tumor Therapy

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Cancer drug discovery is currently dominated by clinical trials or clinical research. Several potential drug candidates have been brought into the pipeline of drug discovery after showing very promising results at the pre-clinical level and are waiting to be tested in human clinical trials. Interestingly, among the potential drug candidates, a few of them have targeted transcription factors highlighting the fundamental undruggable nature of these molecules. However, using advanced technologies, researchers were recently successful in partly unlocking this undruggable nature, which was considered as a ‘grey area’ in the early days of drug discovery, and as a result, several potential candidates have emerged recently. The purpose of the review is to highlight some of the recently reported studies of targeting transcription factors in cancer and their promising outcomes.

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Expression of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta in Breast Cancers of Pre- and Post-menopausal Women

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Association Between Sex and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes for Patients With Melanoma

Association Between Sex and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes for Patients With Melanoma

Gender Disparities in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Survival

Targeting transcription factors in cancer drug discovery

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