Expression of cysteine proteinases and cystatins in parasites and use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in parasitic diseases. Part II: Arthropods

Abaza, Sherif

doi:10.21608/puj.2018.6111.1024

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 185 publications

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“…As previously reviewed, CYSs play a major role in regulation of CPs expression in parasites, inactivation of host CPs, and immunomodulation of host immune response. Trials to develop novel drugs and/or vaccine candidates utilizing filarial CYSs, and utilizing hard tick CYSs as a measure for vector control strategy were previously reviewed [36,37] . In protozoa, few CYSs were reported in T. cruzi (chagasin), L. mexicana, E. histolytica (EhICP), P. falciparum (falstatin), T. brucei (TbICP), T. gondii (toxostatins), C. parvum (cryptostatin), Acanthamoeba spp.…”

Section: Cystatins (Cyss)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of cysteine proteinases and cystatins in parasites and use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in parasitic diseases. Part III: Protozoa (1)

Abaza

2019

Parasitologists United Journal

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Cysteine proteinases (CPs) Being essential for parasite survival, CPs are investigated for development of vaccine candidates and/or novel drugs in protozoal diseases with high mortality and morbidity rates such as malignant malaria, African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease, as well as neglected tropical diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, extraintestinal amoebiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Caffrey and Steverding [1] , in their review, introduced a unified nomenclature for kinetoplastid cathepsins (CATHs) and discussed their expressions in different developmental stages, essential functions, as well as genomic organization. They also discussed the feasibility of application of these CPs in development of vaccine candidates. Recent evolution in molecular technology and bioinformatics enable researchers to localize and analyze the biologic cellular functions of several expressed CPs. In addition, CPs abundance in parasites compared to their mammalian hosts attract scientists to search for specific CP inhibitors for development of safe chemotherapeutic agents without host adverse side effects. In this regard, Caffrey et al., [2] reviewed CPs of clan CA, family C1 in kinetoplastids and discussed their biochemical and genetic diversity as well as their genomics in relation to stage-specificity and expression control. The reviewers aimed at utilizing literature date as first step to achieve development of novel drugs and/or vaccine candidates to control visceral leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. On the other hand, complete genome sequences of three human pathogenic trypanosomatids, T. brucei, T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. followed by in silico analyses allowed the researchers to identify and assign 23, 40 and 33 genes involved in calpains (CALPs) expression in different stages of T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. braziliensis, respectively. In a review article published two years later, the reviewers discussed the biochemical and biological aspects of CALPs expressed in these trypanosomatids. They focused on the fact that knowing the genome sequences in drug-resistant and-sensitive strains will allow the investigators to investigate the inhibitory efficiency of several CALP inhibitors [3]. Furthermore, CPs were utilized as diagnostic markers. In 2005, Brazilian investigators described SDS-PAGE for in situ detection of CP activity using its specific CP inhibitor to differentiate between flagellates isolated from insects and plants [4]. In the same year, a group of scientists from UK employed genomic analysis to identify genes encoding CALPs in three human kinetoplastids; L. major, T. cruzi, and T. brucei.

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Section: Cystatins (Cyss)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of cysteine proteinases and cystatins in parasites and use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in parasitic diseases. Part III: Protozoa (1)

Abaza

2019

Parasitologists United Journal

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Molecular genetic characterization of human Cryptosporidium isolates and their respective demographic, environmental and clinical manifestations in Egyptian diarrheic patients

El-Missiry

El-Hameed

Saad

et al. 2019

Parasitologists United Journal

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Cryptosporidium is a worldwide enteric zoonotic protozoan parasite infecting a broad range of hosts, including humans, ruminants, birds, reptiles and fish [1,2]. It is the main cause of diarrheal illness in both developed and developing countries [3]. Cryptosporidiosis can result in severe diarrhea, which is usually self-limited in immunocompetent individuals, but may be chronic and life-threatening in immunocompromised patients [4]. It was estimated that up to 10% of cryptosporidiosis occurred between one to nine years old children and in toddlers in developing countries [5]. It has been reported as a virulent cause of diarrhea in Egypt, especially in young children, with a varied prevalence of 0%-49% [6,7] ; and with a prevalence of 11.6% in symptomatic children in Qalubiyah province [8]. Humans can acquire Cryptosporidium infections by ingestion of infective oocysts through person-toperson transmission or by direct contact with livestock or via water or food-borne transmission [9]. Several Cryptosporidium species with different genotypes and subtypes may infect man. Each causative species has unusual source(s) of infection, transmission route(s), and pathogenicity. Up to date, more than 26 spp. and approximately 50 genotypes have been recognized in humans and animals [10]. Therefore, it was advised that species identification in populations is essentially vital for determining the local transmission risk factors, and the consequent implementation of control programs to limit contact with infectious oocysts [11]. The majority of human cases of cryptosporidiosis (more than 90%) are caused by two species: C. hominis and C. parvum [7,12]. However, other species including C. felis, C. meleagridis,

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Expression of cysteine proteinases and cystatins in parasites and use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in parasitic diseases. Part II: Arthropods

Cited by 2 publications

References 185 publications

Expression of cysteine proteinases and cystatins in parasites and use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in parasitic diseases. Part III: Protozoa (1)

Expression of cysteine proteinases and cystatins in parasites and use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in parasitic diseases. Part III: Protozoa (1)

Molecular genetic characterization of human Cryptosporidium isolates and their respective demographic, environmental and clinical manifestations in Egyptian diarrheic patients

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