Expression of calcitonin gene‐related peptide induces ligament degeneration through endochondral ossification in osteoarthritis

Abstract

AimOsteoarthritis (OA) is a disease in which degeneration occurs in various tissues such as cartilage and subchondral bone. Degeneration of ligaments also plays an important role in OA progression, resulting in an increase in chondrocytes and ossification, but the factor that causes this is still unclear. It is reported that the expression of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) increases OA progression, and CGRP might play a role in ligament degeneration because CGRP has a function in endochondral ossification. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mechanism of ligament degeneration and the function of CGRP.MethodsTo examine the relationship between ligament degeneration and CGRP expression, human posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) from OA patients, and senescence‐accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were histologically analyzed. The effect of CGRP on human ligament cells on chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis was also examined.ResultsIn human PCL and SAMP8 mice, CGRP expression increased as degeneration progressed, and decreased in severe degeneration. CGRP was expressed in the chondrocyte‐like cells with SOX9. CGRP‐positive cells expressing type II collagen increased with OA progression. CGRP upregulated the gene expression of VEGF, SOX9, RUNX2, COL10a1, and MMP13 in the human ligament cells. CGRP also promoted chondrogenesis and osteogenesis from the human ligament cells.ConclusionDuring OA progression, CGRP plays a role in the transdifferentiation from ligament cells to chondrocytes and promotes endochondral ossification in the ligament. CGRP would be the therapeutic target to prevent ligament degeneration.

Face and Predictive Validity of MI-RAT (Montreal Induction of Rat Arthritis Testing), a Surgical Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in Rodents Combined with Calibrated Exercise

“…Unfortunately, this knowledge is still unknown to many researchers. For example, in a recent study of the contribution of CGRP in OA mice stifles, the authors did not mention the sex of the animals used [76]. In addition, our process of validating the MI-RAT model confirmed that sterilized female rats favorably increased data homogeneity by reducing variability in pain outcome measures because estrogen supplementation interfered with central sensitization in OVX rats [27].…”