Expression of bovine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) in neutrophils and a mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) in response to various bacterial cell wall components

Yu, Chung Huang; Shi, Zhao-Ru; Chu, Chun-Yen; Lee, Kuo‐Hua; Zhao, Xin; Lee, Jai-Wei

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.012

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…CXC chemokines are important pro-inflammatory mediators and might therefore contain variation affecting mastitis susceptibility. Expression levels of some of these CXC chemokines have been shown to increase in bovine mammary gland cell lines after exposure to bacterial cell wall components [49-52], underlining their relevance as candidate genes in this QTL region.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of a long range haplotype affecting protein yield and mastitis susceptibility in Norwegian Red cattle

et al. 2011

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BackgroundPrevious fine mapping studies in Norwegian Red cattle (NRC) in the region 86-90.4 Mb on Bos taurus chromosome 6 (BTA6) has revealed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for protein yield (PY) around 88 Mb and a QTL for clinical mastitis (CM) around 90 Mb. The close proximity of these QTLs may partly explain the unfavorable genetic correlation between these two traits in NRC. A long range haplotype covering this region was introduced into the NRC population through the importation of a Holstein-Friesian bull (1606 Frasse) from Sweden in the 1970s. It has been suggested that this haplotype has a favorable effect on milk protein content but an unfavorable effect on mastitis susceptibility. Selective breeding for milk production traits is likely to have increased the frequency of this haplotype in the NRC population.ResultsAssociation mapping for PY and CM in NRC was performed using genotypes from 556 SNPs throughout the region 86-97 Mb on BTA6 and daughter-yield-deviations (DYDs) from 2601 bulls made available from the Norwegian dairy herd recording system. Highest test scores for PY were found for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within and surrounding the genes CSN2 and CSN1S2, coding for the β-casein and αS2-casein proteins. High coverage re-sequencing by high throughput sequencing technology enabled molecular characterization of a long range haplotype from 1606 Frasse encompassing these two genes. Haplotype analysis of a large number of descendants from this bull indicated that the haplotype was not markedly disrupted by recombination in this region. The haplotype was associated with both increased milk protein content and increased susceptibility to mastitis, which might explain parts of the observed genetic correlation between PY and CM in NRC. Plausible causal polymorphisms affecting PY were detected in the promoter region and in the 5'-flanking UTR of CSN1S2. These polymorphisms could affect transcription or translation of CSN1S2 and thereby affect the amount of αS2-casein in milk.Highest test scores for CM were found in the region 89-91 Mb on BTA6, very close to a cluster of genes coding for CXC chemokines. Expression levels of some of these CXC chemokines have previously been shown to increase in bovine mammary gland cell lines after exposure to bacterial cell wall components.ConclusionMolecular characterization of the long range haplotype from the Holstein-Friesian bull 1606 Frasse, imported into NRC in the 1970s, revealed polymorphisms that could affect transcription or translation of the casein gene CSN1S2. Sires with this haplotype had daughters with significantly elevated milk protein content and selection for milk production traits is likely to have increased the frequency of this haplotype in the NRC population. The haplotype was also associated with increased mastitis susceptibility, which might explain parts of the genetic correlation between PY and CM in NRC.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of a long range haplotype affecting protein yield and mastitis susceptibility in Norwegian Red cattle

et al. 2011

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“…They can stimulate the bovine mammary gland to produce proinflammatory factors and then induce mastitis and reduce lactation [7,[30][31][32]. However, their proinflammatory activity is weaker than that of LPS [2][3][4], a cell wall lysis component of gram-negative bacteria like E. coli. The weaker proinflammatory activity of PGN and LTA may explain why subclinical and chronic mastitis is mainly caused by gram-positive bacteria, while clinical and acute mastitis is mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are cell wall components of S. aureus. The weak and persistent proinflammatory activity of LTA and PGN mainly causes subclinical and chronic mastitis [2][3][4] which is difficult to detect and cure. Previous studies have reported the effects of LTA and LTA + PGN on gene expression profiling of bovine mammary epithelial cells, and mainly focused on the proinflammatory activity of PGN and LTA [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PGN and LTA from Staphylococcus aureus Induced Inflammation and Decreased Lactation through Regulating DNA Methylation and Histone H3 Acetylation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Sun

Dong

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common pathogens of mastitis, and S. aureus generally causes subclinical mastitis which is more persistent and resistant to treatment. Peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are cell wall components of S. aureus. Although the roles of PGN and LTA in causing inflammation are well studied, the epigenetic mechanisms of the effects of PGN and LTA on the inflammation and lactation remain poorly understood. This study characterized the gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing and investigated DNA methylation and histone acetylation in relation to inflammation and lactation in the immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). The cells were cultured for 24 h with neither PGN nor LTA (CON), PGN (30 µg/mL), LTA (30 µg/mL), and PGN (30 µg/mL) + LTA (30 µg/mL), respectively. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the expression of proinflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, and CXCL6 of the treatments increased in the following order: CON < PGN < LTA < PGN + LTA, and the DEGs mainly enriched on the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway. LTA and PGN + LTA induced hypomethylation of global DNA by suppressing DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity. PGN and LTA, alone or combined, decreased the mRNA expression of casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3) and the expression of two caseins (CSN2 and CSN3), and reduced histone H3 acetylation by suppressing histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and promoting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Collectively, this study revealed that PGN and LTA induced inflammation probably due to decreasing DNA methylation through regulating DNMT activity, and decreased lactation possibly through reducing histone H3 acetylation by regulating HAT and HDAC activity in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Key Contribution:In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that PGN and LTA promoted the expression of proinflammatory factors probably due to inducing DNA hypomethylation by suppressing DNMT activity, whereas PGN and LTA decreased the gene expression of caseins perhaps through reducing histone H3 acetylation by suppressing HAT or/and promoting HDAC activity.

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“…Hence, they have some common markers like the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T), which express macrophage markers e.g. granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP)-2 87. This means that peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow derived mononuclear cells have the potential to give rise to a variety of vascular precursors, which can support in the repair of post-mastitis udder damage.…”

Section: Stem Cells From Other Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem Cell Research: A Novel Boulevard towards Improved Bovine Mastitis Management

Sharma

Jeong

2013

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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The dairy industry is a multi-billion dollar industry catering the nutritional needs of all age groups globally through the supply of milk. Clinical mastitis has a severe impact on udder tissue and is also an animal welfare issue. Moreover, it significantly reduces animal value and milk production. Mammary tissue damage reduces the number and activity of epithelial cells and consequently contributes to decreased milk production. The high incidence, low cure rate of this highly economic and sometimes deadly disease is an alarming for dairy sector as well as policy makers. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and their stem cells are very important in milk production and bioengineering. The adult mammary epithelium consists of two main cell types; an inner layer of luminal epithelial cells, which produce the milk during lactation, and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells resting on a basement membrane, which are responsible for pushing the milk through the ductal network to the teat cistern. Inner layer of columner/luminal cells of bovine MECs, is characterized by cytokeratin18, 19 (CK18, CK19) and outer layer such as myoepithelial cells which are characterized by CK14, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and p63. Much work has been done in mouse and human, on mammary gland stem cell research, particularly in cancer therapy, but stem cell research in bovine is still in its infancy. Such stem/progenitor cell discoveries in human and mouse mammary gland bring some hope for application in bovines. These progenitors may be therapeutically adopted to correct the structural/cytological defects in the bovine udder due to mastitis. In the present review we focused on various kinds of stem/progenitor cells which can have therapeutic utility and their possibilities to use as a potential stem cell therapy in the management of bovine post-mastitis damage in orders to restore milk production. The possibilities of bovine mammary stem cell therapy offers significant potential for regeneration of tissues that can potentially replace/repair diseased and damaged tissue through differentiation into epithelial, myoepithelial and/or cuboidal/columnar cells in the udder with minimal risk of rejection and side effects.

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Expression of bovine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2) in neutrophils and a mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) in response to various bacterial cell wall components

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Molecular characterization of a long range haplotype affecting protein yield and mastitis susceptibility in Norwegian Red cattle

Molecular characterization of a long range haplotype affecting protein yield and mastitis susceptibility in Norwegian Red cattle

PGN and LTA from Staphylococcus aureus Induced Inflammation and Decreased Lactation through Regulating DNA Methylation and Histone H3 Acetylation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Stem Cell Research: A Novel Boulevard towards Improved Bovine Mastitis Management

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