Expression of biological mediators during orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review

Abstract

The investigated proteins were presented in a theoretical model of OTM. We can conclude that the cell activation and differentiation and recruitment of osteoclasts is mediated by osteocytes, osteoblasts and PDL cells, but that the osteogenic differentiation is only seen in stem cell present in the PDL. In addition, the recently discovered Ephrin/Ephs seem to play an role parallel with the thoroughly investigated RANKL/OPG system in mediating bone resorption during OTM.

Stress overload‐induced periodontal remodelling coupled with changes in high mobility group protein B1 during tooth movement: an in‐vivo study

“…Although the duration of the experiment does not appear to be sufficiently long to generate remarkable levels of root resorption or periodontal destruction, our results showed a significantly greater number of osteoclasts in the 100‐g group than in the no‐force and 50‐g groups, which corresponds to translocation of HMGB1 to the cytoplasm or extracellular space. A close correlation between the increase in inflammatory cytokine expression, including HMGB1 translocation, and an increase in TRAP‐positive areas has also been found in previous studies . Based on the present data and those detailed in the literature, an orthodontic tooth movement model induced by stress overload has been successfully established.…”

“…The 100‐g group showed increases in the translocation and extracellular expression of HMGB1, whereas a decreased mean optical density of HMGB1 in the nucleus was found in the force groups. These results show that the major function of HMGB1 is to serve as an important ‘translocation alarmin’ and do not disagree with the results of previous studies indicating that mechanical forces are able to induce extracellular cytokine overexpression, including translocation of the inflammatory marker, HMGB1, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and then to the extracellular space within the periodontal system . It should be noted that this model of heavy force application can result in significant hyalinization in areas of compression, which can lead to an overall downregulation of cellular markers; however, elimination of these areas from our standardized dental‐periodontal tissue is challenging.…”

“…The biological basis of mechanical force‐induced periodontal remodelling is an extremely complex reaction that affects multiple cellular pathways and involves regulatory processes at both transcriptional and translational levels . The equilibrium microenvironment between bone formation and resorption can be disturbed by factors, such as stress overload, which leads to periodontal tissue destruction and root resorption through a large number of endogenous molecules .…”

“…An increasing number of individuals are seeking orthodontic treatment to improve their mastication abilities or for aesthetic restoration. The process of orthodontic‐induced periodontal remodelling involves bone resorption and bone formation, and the equilibrium between these two processes results in tooth movement . In the absence of this equilibrium, stress overload might be associated with some risks, such as orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption and periodontal disease .…”

Mechanosensing by Gli1+ cells contributes to the orthodontic force‐induced bone remodelling

“…However, how mechanical force modulates bone remodelling remains largely unclear. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) depends on force‐induced periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone remodelling, including the bone deposition on tension side and resorption on compression side 3,4 . Since OTM is an in vivo model with controlled force direction, magnitude and duration, it is an ideal model for investigating how force modulates bone remodelling.…”