Expression of a Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene during Cynops Early Embryogenesis

Suzuki, Akio; Tadano, Yoshika; Yamamoto, Takashi; Abe, Shinichi; Tajima, Tatsuya

doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5784

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In early vertebrate development, the expression of the MMP-21 counterpart has been shown to be tightly regulated both time wise and spatially (Suzuki et al, 2001). However, MMP-21 seems to be expressed also in various adult mouse tissues (this study) as well as in human adult brain, lung, testis, ovaries, colon, and leukocytes (Ahokas et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Matrix Metalloproteinase-21 Is Expressed Epithelially During Development and in Cancer and Is Up-Regulated by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Keratinocytes

Ahokas

Lohi

Illman

et al. 2003

Laboratory Investigation

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SUMMARY:Human matrix metalloproteinase-21 (MMP-21), the newest member of the MMP gene family, has been suggested to play an important role in embryogenesis and tumor progression and to be a target of the Wnt, Pax, and Notch signaling pathways. Here we report detection of MMP-21 by RT-PCR in mouse embryos aged 10.5, 12.5, 13.5, and 16.5 days, as well as in various adult murine organs. In both humans and mice, MMP-21 protein was detected in the epithelial cells of developing kidney, intestine, neuroectoderm, and skin but not in normal adult skin using immunohistochemistry with two unrelated antibodies. However, it was present in invasive cancer cells of aggressive subtypes of basal and squamous cell carcinomas, although it was not expressed in skin disorders characterized by mere keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Of several cytokines tested, transforming growth factor-␤1 induced MMP-21 in vitro in HaCaTs and keratinocytes as judged by real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR. Although suprabasal differentiating keratinocytes expressed MMP-21 in developing skin in vivo, MMP-21-positive keratinocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry in both low and high calcium cultures. MMP-21 expression was not up-regulated by ras transformation in HaCaT cell lines (HaCaT, A5, II-4, and RT3); in skin and colon cancers, its expression did not associate with apoptosis, ␤-catenin transactivation, or epithelial MMPs-9 and -10. However, MMP-21 protein was found in the same regions as MMP-7 but not in the same cells. Our results suggest that during development, MMP-21 expression is temporally and spatially tightly controlled. Unlike many classical MMPs, it is present in various normal adult tissues. Among epithelial MMPs, MMP-21 has a unique expression pattern in cancer. (Lab Invest 2003, 83:1887-1899.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMP-21 has been previously described in Xenopus laevis and in Cynops pyrrhogaster (XMMP and CyMMP, respectively) (Suzuki et al, 2001;Yang et al, 1997). Furthermore, the sequence of the murine MMP-21 gene was submitted to GenBank independently by two groups (Accession Numbers: AF507967 and AY124569).…”

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confidence: 99%

Matrix Metalloproteinase-21 Is Expressed Epithelially During Development and in Cancer and Is Up-Regulated by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Keratinocytes

Ahokas

Lohi

Illman

et al. 2003

Laboratory Investigation

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“…The mechanism behind this is again poorly understood. Matrix metalloproteases are thought to be important in, among other things, remodeling or degrading the extracellular matrix during organogenesis, later tissue remodeling events, and cancer (Sternlicht and Werb, 2001), and perhaps cell migration during gastrulation (Suzuki et al, 2001) but evidence for a role in primary developmental EMTs is lacking so far (see Page-McCaw et al, 2003). V Change in cell shape, generally by an apical actinmyosin contractile mechanism and/or changes in adhesion.…”

Section: Events Comprising Emtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial–mesenchymal transitions in early development

Shook

Keller

2003

Mechanisms of Development

503

428

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Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are an important mechanism for reorganizing germ layers and tissues during embryonic development. They have both a morphogenic function in shaping the embryo and a patterning function in bringing about new juxtapositions of tissues, which allow further inductive patterning events to occur [Genesis 28 (2000) 23]. Whereas the mechanics of EMT in cultured cells is relatively well understood [reviewed in Biochem. Pharmacol. 60 (2000) 1091; Cell 105 (2001) 425; Bioessays 23 (2001) 912], surprisingly little is known about EMTs during embryonic development [reviewed in Acta Anat. 154 (1995) 8], and nowhere is the entire process well characterized within a single species. Embryonic (developmental) EMTs have properties that are not seen or are not obvious in culture systems or cancer cells. Developmental EMTs are part of a specific differentiative path and occur at a particular time and place. In some types of embryos, a relatively intact epithelium must be maintained while some of its cells de-epithelialize during EMT. In most cases de-epithelialization (loss of apical junctions) must occur in an orderly, patterned fashion in order that the proper morphogenesis results. Interestingly, we find that de-epithelialization is not always necessarily tightly coupled to the expression of mesenchymal phenotypes.Developmental EMTs are multi-step processes, though the interdependence and obligate order of the steps is not clear. The particulars of the process vary between tissues, species, and specific embryonic context. We will focus on 'primary' developmental EMTs, which are those occurring in the initial epiblast or embryonic epithelium. 'Secondary' developmental EMT events are those occurring in epithelial tissues that have reassembled within the embryo from mesenchymal cells. We will review and compare a number of primary EMT events from across the metazoans, and point out some of the many open questions that remain in this field.

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“…The levels of these enzymes then increase as development proceeds [Liu et al, 2006]. MMPs have also been isolated in both amphibian and sea urchin embryos, where they are expressed in the gastrulae [Robinson, 1997;Suzuki et al, 2001]. Even though several MMPs have been isolated from chicken embryos Yang et al, 1996Yang et al, , 1998Lei et al, 1999;Tong et al, 2003;Cantemir et al, 2004;Zijlstra et al, 2004;Linask et al, 2005], the role of MMPs in early chick development remains obscure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include XMMP-14 [Xenopus membrane-type (MT)1-MMP] [Harrison et al, 2004;Hasebe et al, 2006], [Harrison et al, 2004] and [Jung et al, 2002]. Cynops matrix metalloproteinase , which shows homology to XMMP-21, has been identified in Cynops embryos [Suzuki et al, 2001]. Because the expression of both XMMP-21 [Ahokas et al, 2002] and Cynops matrix metalloproteinase [Suzuki et al, 2001] is detected at the gastrula stage, it is possible that homologues of MMP-21 might play a role in amphibian gastrulation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Invasion by Matrix Metalloproteinase-Expressing Cells Is Important for Primitive Streak Formation in Early Chick Blastoderm

Mogi¹,

Toyoizumi²

2010

Cells Tissues Organs

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Epiblast cells in the early chick embryo differentiate to form all three germ layers through ingression of cells at the primitive streak across the basement membrane that underlies the epiblast. We tested the idea that degradation of the extracellular matrix components by matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMPs) is involved in this process. Epiblast cells and primitive streak cells were dissociated into single cells and seeded onto a reconstituted basement membrane gel in vitro. Following overnight culture, approximately half the cells made holes in the substratum by dissolving the gel matrix. This invasive phenomenon was reproduced in vitro even when the cells were cultured upside down using a hanging culture system. We detected gelatinase activity in the culture supernatants from both prestreak epiblast cells and primitive streak cells. Pro-MMP-2 was detected in the culture media of the prestreak/streak cells as a 72-kDa band by gelatin zymography. In RT-PCR experiments, mRNAs for MMP-2, membrane-type (MT)3-MMP and MMP-11(stromelysin-3) were expressed in the epiblast cells before and during primitive streak formation. Injection of GM 6001 or other MMP inhibitors into the subgerminal cavity of the embryo inhibited the formation of the primitive streak and/or the primitive groove in more than 82% of the injected embryos. On the other hand, injection of a negative control compound instead of GM 6001 did not cause substantial inhibition. These results suggest that MMPs are involved in the enzymatic degradation of the basement membrane underlying the epiblast and are thus important for the ingression of mesendodermal cells along the primitive streak.

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Expression of a Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene during Cynops Early Embryogenesis

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Matrix Metalloproteinase-21 Is Expressed Epithelially During Development and in Cancer and Is Up-Regulated by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Keratinocytes

Matrix Metalloproteinase-21 Is Expressed Epithelially During Development and in Cancer and Is Up-Regulated by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Keratinocytes

Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial–mesenchymal transitions in early development

Invasion by Matrix Metalloproteinase-Expressing Cells Is Important for Primitive Streak Formation in Early Chick Blastoderm

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