Expression of a chitin deacetylase gene, up‐regulated in <i>Cryptococcus laurentii</i> strain RY1, under nitrogen limitation

Chakraborty, Writachit; Sarkar, Soumyadev; Chakravorty, Somnath; Bhattacharya, S.; Bhattacharya, D.P.; Gachhui, Ratan

doi:10.1002/jobm.201500596

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Importantly, in many fungi, chitinases are tightly spatiotemporally controlled at the transcription level (38). Moreover, chitin deacetylase transcription levels correlate with activity as well as chitosan content of fungal cell walls (39). While expression of chitinases was both up-and downregulated, chitin deacetylases were mostly downregulated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Dialogues between Early Divergent Fungi and Bacteria in an Antagonism versus a Mutualism

Lastovetsky

Krasnovsky

Qin

et al. 2020

mBio

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Fungal-bacterial symbioses range from antagonisms to mutualisms and remain one of the least understood interdomain interactions despite their ubiquity as well as ecological and medical importance. To build a predictive conceptual framework for understanding interactions between fungi and bacteria in different types of symbioses, we surveyed fungal and bacterial transcriptional responses in the mutualism between Rhizopus microsporus (Rm) (ATCC 52813, host) and its Mycetohabitans (formerly Burkholderia) endobacteria versus the antagonism between a nonhost Rm (ATCC 11559) and Mycetohabitans isolated from the host, at two time points, before and after partner physical contact. We found that bacteria and fungi sensed each other before contact and altered gene expression patterns accordingly. Mycetohabitans did not discriminate between the host and nonhost and engaged a common set of genes encoding known as well as novel symbiosis factors. In contrast, responses of the host versus nonhost to endobacteria were dramatically different, converging on the altered expression of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. On the basis of the observed patterns, we formulated a set of hypotheses describing fungal-bacterial interactions and tested some of them. By conducting ROS measurements, we confirmed that nonhost fungi increased production of ROS in response to endobacteria, whereas host fungi quenched their ROS output, suggesting that ROS metabolism contributes to the nonhost resistance to bacterial infection and the host ability to form a mutualism. Overall, our study offers a testable framework of predictions describing interactions of early divergent Mucoromycotina fungi with bacteria. IMPORTANCE Animals and plants interact with microbes by engaging specific surveillance systems, regulatory networks, and response modules that allow for accommodation of mutualists and defense against antagonists. Antimicrobial defense responses are mediated in both animals and plants by innate immunity systems that owe their functional similarities to convergent evolution. Like animals and plants, fungi interact with bacteria. However, the principles governing these relations are only now being discovered. In a study system of host and nonhost fungi interacting with a bacterium isolated from the host, we found that bacteria used a common gene repertoire to engage both partners. In contrast, fungal responses to bacteria differed dramatically between the host and nonhost. These findings suggest that as in animals and plants, the genetic makeup of the fungus determines whether bacterial partners are perceived as mutualists or antagonists and what specific regulatory networks and response modules are initiated during each encounter.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Dialogues between Early Divergent Fungi and Bacteria in an Antagonism versus a Mutualism

Lastovetsky

Krasnovsky

Qin

et al. 2020

mBio

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“…Evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method based on a JTT matrix-based model 52 . The amino acid sequences used in this tree were reported in [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] . Clustal-X2 (Version 1.83) was used for multiple-sequence alignment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, characterisation, and genome sequencing of Rhodococcus equi: a novel strain producing chitin deacetylase

Ma¹,

Gao

Bi³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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chitin deacetylase (cDA) can hydrolyse the acetamido group of chitin polymers to produce chitosans, which are used in various fields including the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, food production, agriculture, and water treatment. cDA represents a more environmentally-friendly and easier to control alternative to the chemical methods currently utilised to produce chitosans from chitin; however, the majority of identified CDAs display activity toward low-molecular-weight oligomers and are essentially inactive toward polymeric chitin or chitosans. therefore, it is important to identify novel cDAs with activity toward polymeric chitin and chitosans. in this study, we isolated the bacterium Rhodococcus equi F6 from a soil sample and showed that it expresses a novel CDA (ReCDA), whose activity toward 4-nitroacetanilide reached 19.20 U/mL/h during fermentation and was able to deacetylate polymeric chitin, colloidal chitin, glycol-chitin, and chitosan. Whole genome sequencing revealed that RecDA is unique to the R. equi F6 genome, while phylogenetic analysis indicated that RecDA is evolutionarily distant from other cDAs. in conclusion, RecDA isolated from the R. equi F6 strain expands the known repertoire of CDAs and could be used to deacetylate polymeric chitosans and chitin in industrial applications.Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose and is mainly obtained as a waste product of the seafood industry at a relatively low cost 1 . The chitin derivative, chitosan, is a linear polysaccharide comprised of β-(1→4)-linked glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine units which are randomly arranged within the chitosan polysaccharide chain 2 . Due to its ability to dissolve in dilute acids, chitosan is more useful than its crystalline precursor chitin in various industrial applications 3 , including the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, food production, agriculture, and water treatment 4 .Chitosan occurs naturally and is mainly found in the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeletons of certain insects (such as the abdominal wall of termite queens), and in some yeasts 5,6 . Although chitosan can be extracted from fungal sources 7 , the method is commercially inapplicable as it provides too low a yield at too high a cost. Therefore, chitosan is still obtained by treating marine-derived chitin with thermo-alkaline 8 , a method that is inexpensive and results in high yields but is environmentally unsafe and difficult to control, producing a heterogeneous range of products depending on the degree of deacetylation 9 . The enzymatic production of chitosan using microbial chitin deacetylase (CDA; EC 3.5.1.41), which can hydrolyse the acetamido group in chitin polymers to produce chitosans 10 , is an environmentally-friendly process that is easy to control and results in a high yield of homogeneous end products 11 .CDAs have been identified in marine and soil bacteria, several fungi, a few insects, and at least one virus 12,13 . Fungal CDAs exist mostly as N-glycosylated (20-70%) glycoproteins, w...

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“…It is capable of assimilating different sugars as carbon sources: glucose, xylose, arabinose, cellobiose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, sucrose, and galacturonic acid) . This yeast is distributed in many ecological niches: bird excrete (Brito et al, 2019); wheat and corn kernels surfaces (Kurtzman, 1973); kombucha tea (Chakraborty et al, 2016); vineyard ; Populus tremuloides exudate (Sitepu et al, 2013); Solanum torvum leaf surface ; aircraft internal surfaces (Hung et al, 2019); blue lupin rhizosphere (Moller et al, 2016); sugarcane bagasse (Gebbie et al 2020); palm oil (Polburee et al, 2015); hydrocarbon-contaminated soil (Chandran & Das, 2012); and rupestrian field soil (Vieira et al, 2020). P. laurentii is also isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, skin, and lungs, of immunocompromised patients, mainly in hospitals, as an opportunistic pathogen (Ferreira-Paim et al 2014).…”

Section: Papiliotrema Laurentiimentioning

confidence: 99%

New Papiliotrema laurentii UFV-1 strains with improved acetic acid tolerance selected by adaptive laboratory evolution

Almeida

Ventorim

Ferreira

et al. 2023

Fungal Genetics and Biology

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Expression of a chitin deacetylase gene, up‐regulated in Cryptococcus laurentii strain RY1, under nitrogen limitation

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Molecular Dialogues between Early Divergent Fungi and Bacteria in an Antagonism versus a Mutualism

Molecular Dialogues between Early Divergent Fungi and Bacteria in an Antagonism versus a Mutualism

Isolation, characterisation, and genome sequencing of Rhodococcus equi: a novel strain producing chitin deacetylase

New Papiliotrema laurentii UFV-1 strains with improved acetic acid tolerance selected by adaptive laboratory evolution

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