Expression of 112-kDa Estrogen Receptor in Mouse Brain Cortex and Its Autoregulation with Age

Asaithambi, A.; Mukherjee, Shibani; Thakur, M. K.

doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6173

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The lack of well delineated bands in lanes containing tissue proteins, with clear single bands in lanes containing recombinant proteins, is likely due to heterogeneity in ER types within tissues. This is consistent with the fact that either ER␣ or ER␤ could bind the ERE and that variants of ERs have been demonstrated in nonimmune tissues previously (24,25). Together the alteration in cytokine production during in vitro estriol treatment of immune cells and the binding of splenic protein to ERE indicated that functional ERs are expressed in murine secondary lymphoid tissues.…”

Section: Functional Er Are Present In Peripheral Immune Tissuessupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Furthermore, expression of ER␣ at the protein level in the peripheral immune system has remained poorly characterized since Western blot data were negative for specific bands of the correct size (31) while flow cytometry of immune cells was positive (29,32,33). Together these previous reports raised the question of whether the classic ER␣, vs another ER variant (24,25), was detected in immune cells by flow cytometry. Thus, we characterized ER␣ expression in secondary lymphoid tissues of mice at the RNA level by both nested RT-PCR and sequencing and at the protein level by Western blot using both Ab and ligand binding.…”

Section: Er␣ Expression At the Rna And Protein Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estrogen Receptor α Mediates Estrogen’s Immune Protection in Autoimmune Disease

Liu

Loo

Palaszynski

et al. 2003

The Journal of Immunology

142

124

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Estrogens are known to influence a variety of autoimmune diseases, but it is not known whether their actions are mediated through classic estrogen receptor α (ERα). The presence of a functional ER was demonstrated in secondary lymphoid tissues, then ERα expression was shown at both the RNA and protein levels in these tissues. Use of ERα knockout mice revealed that both the estrogen-induced disease protection and the estrogen-induced reduction in proinflammatory cytokines were dependent upon ERα in the prototypic Th1-mediated autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These findings are central to the design of selective ER modifiers which aim to target biologic responses in specific organ systems.

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Section: Functional Er Are Present In Peripheral Immune Tissuessupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Er␣ Expression At the Rna And Protein Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen Receptor α Mediates Estrogen’s Immune Protection in Autoimmune Disease

Liu

Loo

Palaszynski

et al. 2003

The Journal of Immunology

142

124

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“…Sex steroids may also up-or down-regulate the levels of their own or other sex steroid receptors (Blanchere et al 1998;Clark et al 1992;Saceda et al 1989). Consequently, it is quite possible that sex steroid receptor mRNA expression in ocular tissues may increase or decrease in response to changes in the sex hormone environment, such as occur during the estrous/menstrual cycles and aging (Asaithambi et al 1997;Bergman et al 1987). These hormone-induced effects could account for some of the apparent mRNA variations observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…If this indication is confirmed by quantitative analysis, then this finding would be consistent with the observations of other investigators. Thus, significant tissue-, gender-and species-differences have been identified in sex steroid receptor mRNA and protein expression, as well as in sex hormone binding activity, nuclear uptake and/or retention in nonocular sites (Abdelgadir et al 1990;Asaithambi et al 1997;Bergman et al 1987;Campbell et al 1990;Godwin & Crews 1999;Roselli & Resko 1997;Sheridan & Weaker 1982;Young et al 1995;Zhang et al 1989). Sex steroids may also up-or down-regulate the levels of their own or other sex steroid receptors (Blanchere et al 1998;Clark et al 1992;Saceda et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNAs in the eye

Wickham

Gao

Toda

et al. 2000

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

314

213

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: Previous research has demonstrated that sex steroids exert a significant influence on the structure and function of numerous ocular tissues. To begin to explore the underlying basis of this hormone action, we examined whether various anterior and posterior tissues of the eye contain androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNAs. Methods: Tissue samples were obtained from adult male and female rats, rabbits and humans, processed for the isolation of total RNA and analyzed by RT-PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridization. All PCR amplifications included positive and negative controls. Results: Our findings showed that androgen, estrogen and/or progesterone receptor mRNAs are present in the lacrimal gland, lacrimal gland acinar epithelial cells, meibomian gland, lid, palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae, cornea, iris/ciliary body, lens, retina/uvea, retina/choroid and retinal pigment epithelial cells of rats, rabbits or humans.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that sex steroid receptor mRNAs exist in a variety of ocular tissues and suggest that these sites may represent target organs for androgens, estrogens and/or progestins.

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“…Investigators have reported purification of other putative membrane receptors. Immunoblot analysis of rat cortex using a monoclonal antibody directed against murine ER (Novacastra, UK) detected 112-and 116-kDa proteins [39]. Hormone-binding characteristics, sequence information and further characterization of the putative ERs were not described.…”

Section: Is There a Novel Membrane-based Estrogen Receptor?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen action and cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Part I: membrane-associated signaling complexes

Segars

Driggers

2002

Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

168

102

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Remarkable progress in recent years has suggested that estrogen action in vivo is complex and often involves activation of cytoplasmic signaling cascades in addition to genomic actions mediated directly through estrogen receptors α and β. Rather than a linear response mediated solely through estrogen-responsive DNA elements, in vivo estrogen might simultaneously activate distinct signaling cascades that function as networks to coordinate tissue responses to estrogen. This complex signaling system provides for exquisite control and plasticity of response to estrogen at the tissue level, and undoubtedly contributes to the remarkable tissue-specific responses to estrogens. In part I of this series, we summarize cytoplasmic signaling modules involving estrogen or estrogen receptors, with particular focus on recently described membrane-associated signaling complexes.Knowledge of the molecular mechanism of estrogen action has evolved rapidly during the past two decades. It is now accepted that two proteins serve as receptors for 17β estradiol (E 2 ), estrogen receptors α and β (ERα, ERβ). These receptors function as ligand-dependent transcription factors to increase gene transcription from promoters by direct binding of the receptor to specific DNA target sequences, designated estrogen response elements (EREs). Association of receptors with the gene transcription machinery involves essential coregulatory proteins that contribute to estrogen action and that can enhance or repress ER action (see Refs [1][2][3]). The importance of this signaling pathway in vivo has been substantiated using several approaches, including targeted gene disruption (knockout) in mice [4][5][6][7][8]. Within the ER proteins, there are two activating functions corresponding to the N-terminus (AF-1) or ligand-binding region (AF-2) of the molecule [9] (and Refs therein). In addition, ER function is modified by its phosphorylation [10,11]. The genomic actions of E 2 proceeding through augmentation or repression of ERE-containing promoters by ERs α and β have been designated the classic pathway of estrogen action [12]. In addition, ER acts through AP-1 and SP-1 to affect transcription.* segarsj@mail.nih.gov. In spite of the clarity with which the ER has been shown to act as a transcription factor, it has been apparent for several years that not all physiological effects of E 2 are accomplished through a direct effect on gene transcription [13]. Definition of the classic estrogen-signaling pathway highlighted the fact that, in many instances, another signaling pathway(s) involving cytoplasmic proteins, growth factors and/or membrane-initiated responses contributed to estrogen action (reviewed in Refs [14][15][16][17][18]). In Part I of this review, we focus on membraneassociated estrogen action, particularly cellular responses observed within minutes of estrogen exposure. Part II (to be published in the December issue of TEM) covers cytoplasmic cascades initiated by growth factors, and involvement of the ER in second messenger signaling casc...

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Expression of 112-kDa Estrogen Receptor in Mouse Brain Cortex and Its Autoregulation with Age

Cited by 35 publications

References 24 publications

Estrogen Receptor α Mediates Estrogen’s Immune Protection in Autoimmune Disease

Estrogen Receptor α Mediates Estrogen’s Immune Protection in Autoimmune Disease

Identification of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNAs in the eye

Estrogen action and cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Part I: membrane-associated signaling complexes

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