Expression and significance of interleukin-17 and interleukin-22 in the serum and the lower esophageal sphincter of patients with achalasia

Wang, Zeyu; Zhang, Jun; Mi, Jianwei; Ma, Huihui; Zhao, Dongqiang

doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_562_17

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…As mentioned above, information on the serum cytokine profiles in achalasia is limited and therefore, the results of previous studies may not be entirely comparable with those from the present study. The apparent differences reported between the present and previous studies ( 9 , 10 ) may also be explained by the heterogeneity in the characteristics of the patients, the controls and the methodology used. In effect, although all authors applied immunoenzymatic assays for marker detection, the kits utilized were different.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…Few studies have measured the levels of circulating inflammatory biomarkers, namely cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, and deduced their differences between patients with achalasia and controls. Wang et al ( 9 ) previously measured the expression of IL-17 and IL-22 in the serum, which was collected before and during peroral endoscopic myotomy. It was found that the levels of IL-17 and IL-22 were significantly increased in the 14 patients who were diagnosed with achalasia compared with those in 14 healthy individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They measured the levels of 7 markers, including IL-22 and IL-23, which were not tested in the present study and no control group was analyzed. The Human ELISA kit utilized by Wang et al ( 9 ) determined IL-17 and IL-22 levels, where it was only possible to compare IL-17 levels. Finally, since the present study was designed to characterize the systemic inflammation patterns in achalasia compared with those in controls, it did not analyze the immunohistochemical features of the inflammatory infiltrate within the myenteric plexus of the patients, which constitutes a limitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characterization of infiltrating cells in the tissues (muscle specimens) has largely been performed using histological or immunohistochemical analyses, which produced conflicting reports ( 7 , 8 ). Conversely, studies investigating the involvement of circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with achalasia remain insufficient ( 9 , 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with achalasia

et al. 2021

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Idiopathic achalasia is a disease that is characterized by the absence of peristalsis and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, which is accompanied by dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain and weight loss. The role of inflammatory infiltrates in the pathogenesis of achalasia remains controversial, although the infiltrating cell profile in the tissue has been previously characterized histologically and immunohistochemically. The present study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of 27 protein biomarkers to determine their association with achalasia and the clinical disease characteristics. The cytokine, chemokine and growth factor serum profiles of 68 patients with achalasia and 39 healthy individuals were explored using the 27-Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine assay. Reductions in the levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, fibroblast growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1)α and MIP-1β, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted, TNF-α and VEGF were detected in the serum samples of patients with achalasia compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). However, significant associations between the expression in the levels of inflammatory factors and clinical characteristics of the patients were not found (P>0.05). These results suggest that achalasia is a disease that has a local but not a systemic inflammatory pattern. Further studies are required to improve the current understanding of the mechanism underlying this disease.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with achalasia

et al. 2021

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“…Serological analysis studies also found that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and TGF-β), and chemokines (monokine induced by IFN-γ and IFN-γ induced protein-10) were significantly upregulated in patients with achalasia, the most prominent of which were proinflammatory related factors. [84][85][86]…”

Section: Inflammation and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Achalasia: The Current Clinical Dilemma and Possible Pathogenesis

Jia

Chen

Zhuang

et al. 2023

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

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Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder manifested by dysphagia and chest pain that impair patients' quality of life, and it also leads to chronic esophageal inflammation by food retention and increases the risk of esophageal cancer. Although achalasia has long been reported, the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of achalasia are not fully understood. The current clinical dilemma of achalasia is mainly due to its unclear pathogenesis. In this paper, epidemiology, diagnosis treatment, as well as possible pathogenesis of achalasia will be reviewed and summarized. The proposed hypothesis on the pathogenesis of achalasia is that genetically susceptible populations potentially have a higher risk of infection with viruses, triggering autoimmune and inflammation responses to inhibitory neurons in lower esophageal sphincter.

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Achalasia alters physiological networks depending on sex

Furuzawa-Carballeda,

Barajas-Martínez,

Olguín-Rodríguez

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder for which the etiology is not fully understood. Evidence suggests that autoimmune inflammatory infiltrates, possibly triggered by a viral infection, may lead to a degeneration of neurons within the myenteric plexus. While the infection is eventually resolved, genetically susceptible individuals may still be at risk of developing achalasia. This study aimed to determine whether immunological and physiological networks differ between male and female patients with achalasia. This cross-sectional study included 189 preoperative achalasia patients and 500 healthy blood donor volunteers. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, immunological, and tissue biomarkers were collected. Male and female participants were evaluated separately to determine the role of sex. Correlation matrices were constructed using bivariate relationships to generate complex inferential networks. These matrices were filtered based on their statistical significance to identify the most relevant relationships between variables. Network topology and node centrality were calculated using tools available in the R programming language. Previous occurrences of chickenpox, measles, and mumps infections have been proposed as potential risk factors for achalasia, with a stronger association observed in females. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified IL-22, Th2, and regulatory B lymphocytes as key variables contributing to the disease. The physiological network topology has the potential to inform whether a localized injury or illness is likely to produce systemic consequences and the resulting clinical presentation. Here we show that immunological involvement in achalasia appears localized in men because of their highly modular physiological network. In contrast, in women the disease becomes systemic because of their robust network with a larger number of inter-cluster linkages.

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Expression and significance of interleukin-17 and interleukin-22 in the serum and the lower esophageal sphincter of patients with achalasia

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with achalasia

Circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with achalasia

Achalasia: The Current Clinical Dilemma and Possible Pathogenesis

Achalasia alters physiological networks depending on sex

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