Expression and regulation of <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> necrosis and ethylene‐inducing peptides (NEPs)

Bashi, Zafer Dallal; Hegedus, Dwayne D.; Buchwaldt, L.; Rimmer, S. R.; Borhan, M. Hossein

doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00571.x

Cited by 69 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Two S. sclerotiorum necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein (NEP) proteins (SsNEP1 and SsNEP2) were characterized by Bashi et al [30] and their necrosis-inducing activity demonstrated. In that study, both genes were induced at the mid to later times in the infection with SsNEP2 being expressed at much higher levels than SsNEP1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Host chemical defenses may be inactivated by inducible detoxification systems [28], while other proteins, such as SsPemG1 (protein elicitor from Magnaporthe grisea ), are recognized by the host and induce defenses [29]. SsNEP1 and SsNEP2 encode necrosis and ethylene-inducing like proteins (NLP), which induce necrosis in host tissues [30], as does cutinase [31]. A gene (SS1G_00263, ssv263) encoding a hypothetical protein with unknown mode of action is a virulence factor in S. sclerotiorum [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus

et al. 2017

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Background Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes stem rot in Brassica napus, which leads to lodging and severe yield losses. Although recent studies have explored significant progress in the characterization of individual S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity factors, a gap exists in profiling gene expression throughout the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on a host plant. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis was performed with focus on the events occurring through the early (1 h) to the middle (48 h) stages of infection.ResultsTranscript analysis revealed the temporal pattern and amplitude of the deployment of genes associated with aspects of pathogenicity or virulence during the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on Brassica napus. These genes were categorized into eight functional groups: hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites, detoxification, signaling, development, secreted effectors, oxalic acid and reactive oxygen species production. The induction patterns of nearly all of these genes agreed with their predicted functions. Principal component analysis delineated gene expression patterns that signified transitions between pathogenic phases, namely host penetration, ramification and necrotic stages, and provided evidence for the occurrence of a brief biotrophic phase soon after host penetration.ConclusionsThe current observations support the notion that S. sclerotiorum deploys an array of factors and complex strategies to facilitate host colonization and mitigate host defenses. This investigation provides a broad overview of the sequential expression of virulence/pathogenicity-associated genes during infection of B. napus by S. sclerotiorum and provides information for further characterization of genes involved in the S. sclerotiorum-host plant interactions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus

et al. 2017

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“…2009); an integrin-like protein, SSITL, that suppresses defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana (although, in addition to the activity of SSITL in planta , deletion mutants for the cognate gene exhibited abnormal hyphal tip branching, slower growth in vitro and abnormally small sclerotia) (Zhu et al. 2013); two necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins, SsNep1 and SsNep2, that cause necrosis when heterologously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana (Dallal Bashi et al. 2010); a cutinase, SsCut, that causes cell death in a range of plant species, including the nonhost, wheat ( Triticum aestevum ) (Zhang et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complete Genome Sequence of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Reveals Insights into the Genome Architecture of Broad Host Range Pathogens

Derbyshire

Denton‐Giles

Hegedus

et al. 2017

Genome Biology and Evolution

177

259

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a phytopathogenic fungus with over 400 hosts including numerous economically important cultivated species. This contrasts many economically destructive pathogens that only exhibit a single or very few hosts. Many plant pathogens exhibit a “two-speed” genome. So described because their genomes contain alternating gene rich, repeat sparse and gene poor, repeat-rich regions. In fungi, the repeat-rich regions may be subjected to a process termed repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Both repeat activity and RIP are thought to play a significant role in evolution of secreted virulence proteins, termed effectors. We present a complete genome sequence of S. sclerotiorum generated using Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing technology with highly accurate annotations produced using an extensive RNA sequencing data set. We identified 70 effector candidates and have highlighted their in planta expression profiles. Furthermore, we characterized the genome architecture of S. sclerotiorum in comparison to plant pathogens that exhibit “two-speed” genomes. We show that there is a significant association between positions of secreted proteins and regions with a high RIP index in S. sclerotiorum but we did not detect a correlation between secreted protein proportion and GC content. Neither did we detect a negative correlation between CDS content and secreted protein proportion across the S. sclerotiorum genome. We conclude that S. sclerotiorum exhibits subtle signatures of enhanced mutation of secreted proteins in specific genomic compartments as a result of transposition and RIP activity. However, these signatures are not observable at the whole-genome scale.

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“…SsNep2 expression is highly dependent on Ca 2+ concentration, and compounds increasing calcium levels (i.e. caffeine and lanthanum chloride) greatly reduced S. sclerotiorum virulence and expression of SsNep2 [52]. Thus, consistent with its putative role of intracellular calcium elevation, the haplotype 3 of HaRIC_B might be participating in the defense against SHR by repressing expression of the necrosis factor SsNep2 , through the de-regulation and elevation of cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations in the target organ for pathogen attack.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association mapping in sunflower for sclerotinia head rot resistance

et al. 2012

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Background: Sclerotinia Head Rot (SHR) is one of the most damaging diseases of sunflower in Europe, Argentina, and USA, causing average yield reductions of 10 to 20 %, but leading to total production loss under favorable environmental conditions for the pathogen. Association Mapping (AM) is a promising choice for Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping, as it detects relationships between phenotypic variation and gene polymorphisms in existing germplasm without development of mapping populations. This article reports the identification of QTL for resistance to SHR based on candidate gene AM. Results: A collection of 94 sunflower inbred lines were tested for SHR under field conditions using assisted inoculation with the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Given that no biological mechanisms or biochemical pathways have been clearly identified for SHR, 43 candidate genes were selected based on previous transcript profiling studies in sunflower and Brassica napus infected with S. sclerotiorum. Associations among SHR incidence and haplotype polymorphisms in 16 candidate genes were tested using Mixed Linear Models (MLM) that account for population structure and kinship relationships. This approach allowed detection of a significant association between the candidate gene HaRIC_B and SHR incidence (P < 0.01), accounting for a SHR incidence reduction of about 20 %.

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Expression and regulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum necrosis and ethylene‐inducing peptides (NEPs)

Cited by 69 publications

References 45 publications

Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus

Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus

The Complete Genome Sequence of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Reveals Insights into the Genome Architecture of Broad Host Range Pathogens

Association mapping in sunflower for sclerotinia head rot resistance

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