Expression and Localization of Chromogranin A Gene and Protein in Human Submandibular Gland

Saruta, Juri; Tsukinoki, Keiichi; Sasaguri, Kenichi; Ishii, Hidenori; Yasuda, Masanori; Osamura, Yoshiyuki; Watanabe, Yoshihisa; Sato, Sadao

doi:10.1159/000088939

Cited by 106 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Chromogranin A is a soluble protein in adrenergic neurons. Although histochemical studies (26,27) revealed that the predominant source of salivary chromogranin A is salivary glands themselves, this protein directly reflects the sympathetic tone and sympathetic stress response (13,21,22,38). The results agree with previously obtained human data (34) and, at hormonal level, correspond to the results reported in pigs (37).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

et al. 2007

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Dietary supplementation with an essential amino acid L-lysine has been shown to reduce chronic anxiety in humans with low dietary intake of L-lysine. A combination of L-lysine and L-arginine has been documented to normalize hormonal stress responses in humans with high trait anxiety. The present study was carried out in one hundred eight healthy Japanese adults. The aim of study was to find out whether a week-long oral treatment with L-lysine (2.64 g per day) and L-arginine (2.64 g per day) reduces trait and stress-induced state anxiety and basal levels of stress hormones. We confirmed that, without regard to gender, the amino acid treatment significantly reduced both trait anxiety and state anxiety induced by cognitive stress battery. In addition, we found that the treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine decreased the basal levels of salivary cortisol and chromogranin-A (a salivary marker of the sympatho-adrenal system) in male subjects. These results of this double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized study confirm the previous findings in humans and animals and point to a combination of L-lysine and L-arginine as a potentially useful dietary intervention in otherwise healthy humans with high subjective levels of mental stress and anxiety.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

et al. 2007

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“…Both the secretion route and circadian rhythm of salivary CgA in humans have recently been clarified [4,5]. A previous study by our group showed that salivary CgA levels peaked at awakening (7:00 a.m.) and then quickly decreased to a nadir 1 h later (8:00 a.m.), remaining at a low level throughout the day, and finally increasing at night (10:30 p.m.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Levels of awakening salivary CgA in response to stress in healthy subjects

Den

Toda

Ohira

et al. 2010

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objects To determine the changes in salivary chromogranin A (CgA) levels upon awakening in response to of stress by investigating the relationship between salivary CgA levels and the stress response as assessed by GHQ-28 tests. Methods The study cohort comprised 40 healthy male university students (age range 19-22 years). Salivary CgA levels were measured at 7:00 a.m. (awakening) and at 7:30, 8:00, and 8:30 a.m. (after awakening). Results The salivary CgA level was 0.91 ± 0.20 and 0.42 ± 0.1 pmol/ml at 7:00 a.m. in students scoring low (n = 26) and high (n = 14), respectively, on the ''severe depression'' subscale. This difference in salivary CgA levels at 7:00 between high and low scorers was statistically significant (p \ 0.05). Conclusions Our findings indicate that depression may influence secretions of salivary CgA via chronic stressrelated attenuation of the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system activity.

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“…10 In addition, CgA is produced by human submandibular glands and, in response to activation of the autonomic nervous system innervating the submandibular gland, is released directly from the exocrine cells of the granular convoluted tubules into the saliva. 11 Salivary CgA, thus, has been proposed as a surrogate marker of sympathetic nervous system activity. 12 A series of studies has shown that compared with salivary cortisol, salivary CgA increases more rapidly and more sensitively to psychological stressors induced by activities such as public speaking, 12 word-processing and arithmetic tasks, 13,14 academic examinations, 15 and venipuncture in hospitalized children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Olfactory Stimulation from the Fragrance of the Japanese Citrus Fruit Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) on Mood States and Salivary Chromogranin A as an Endocrinologic Stress Marker

Matsumoto

Asakura²,

Hayashi

2014

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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Objective: This study investigated the soothing effects of fragrance from yuzu, a Japanese citrus fruit (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka), with salivary chromogranin A (CgA) used as an endocrinologic stress marker reflecting sympathetic nervous system activity. Methods: Twenty healthy women (mean age, 20.5 -0.1 years) participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Participants were examined on two separate occasions-once using the yuzu scent and once using unscented water as a control-in the follicular phase. This experiment measured salivary CgA and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) as a psychological index before and after the aromatic stimulation. Results: Ten-minute inhalation of the yuzu scent significantly decreased salivary CgA. At 30 minutes after the inhalation period, the salivary CgA level further decreased. In addition, POMS revealed that inhalation of the aromatic yuzu oil significantly decreased total mood disturbance, a global measure of affective state, as well as four subscores of emotional symptoms (tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, and confusion), as long as 30 minutes after the olfactory stimulation. Conclusions: Yuzu's aromatic effects may alleviate negative emotional stress, which, at least in part, would contribute to the suppression of sympathetic nervous system activity.

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Expression and Localization of Chromogranin A Gene and Protein in Human Submandibular Gland

Cited by 106 publications

References 57 publications

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans

Levels of awakening salivary CgA in response to stress in healthy subjects

Effects of Olfactory Stimulation from the Fragrance of the Japanese Citrus Fruit Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) on Mood States and Salivary Chromogranin A as an Endocrinologic Stress Marker

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