Expression and light sensitivity of clock genes Per1 and Per2 and immediate‐early gene c‐fos within the retina of early postnatal Wistar rats

Matějů, Kristýna; Sumová, Alena; Bendová, Zdeňka

doi:10.1002/cne.22421

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Although c-fos expression has been studied in the adult retina of several species [30,31], expression has been characterized only minimally in the embryonic retina [60]. Our study combined cell marker analysis with c-fos expression, as an indicator of neural activity, to identify at the earliest stages of retinal circuit development the specific cell types that participate in the classic IF circuit and in retinal circuits involving melanopsin-expressing cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wiring the retinal circuits activated by light during early development

2014

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BackgroundLight information is sorted by neuronal circuits to generate image-forming (IF) (interpretation and tracking of visual objects and patterns) and non-image-forming (NIF) tasks. Among the NIF tasks, photic entrainment of circadian rhythms, the pupillary light reflex, and sleep are all associated with physiological responses, mediated mainly by a small group of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs). Using Xenopus laevis as a model system, and analyzing the c-fos expression induced by light as a surrogate marker of neural activity, we aimed to establish the developmental time at which the cells participating in both systems come on-line in the retina.ResultsWe found that the peripheral retina contains 80% of the two melanopsin-expressing cell types we identified in Xenopus: melanopsin-expressing horizontal cells (mHCs; opn4m+/opn4x+/Prox1+) and mRGCs (2.7% of the total RGCs; opn4m+/opn4x+/Pax6+/Isl1), in a ratio of 6:1. Only mRGCs induced c-fos expression in response to light. Dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive; TH+) amacrine cells (ACs) may be part of the melanopsin-mediated circuit, as shown by preferential c-fos induction by blue light. In the central retina, two cell types in the inner nuclear layer (INL) showed light-mediated induction of c-fos expression [(On-bipolar cells (Otx2+/Isl1+), and a sub-population of ACs (Pax6−/Isl1−)], as well as two RGC sub-populations (Isl1+/Pax6+ and Isl1+/Pax6−). Melanopsin and opsin expression turned on a day before the point at which c-fos expression could first be activated by light (Stage 37/38), in cells of both the classic vision circuit, and those that participate in the retinal component of the NIF circuit. Key to the classic vision circuit is that the component cells engage from the beginning as functional ‘unit circuits’ of two to three cells in the INL for every RGC, with subsequent growth of the vision circuit occurring by the wiring in of more units.ConclusionsWe identified melanopsin-expressing cells and specific cell types in the INL and the RGC layer which induce c-fos expression in response to light, and we determined the developmental time when they become active. We suggest an initial formulation of retinal circuits corresponding to the classic vision pathway and melanopsin-mediated circuits to which they may contribute.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wiring the retinal circuits activated by light during early development

2014

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“…dopamine amacrine cells). In addition, it has been also reported that ipRGCs are the first cells in the retina to respond to light during development (Sekaran et al, 2005) and light pulses can induce c-fos in the ganglion cells at postnatal day 1 (Mateju et al, 2010). Therefore ipRGGs may play a role in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm in the first days of postnatal life.…”

Section: Outputs Of the Retinal Circadian Clockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian organization of the mammalian retina: From gene regulation to physiology and diseases

McMahon¹,

Iuvone²,

Tosini³

2014

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

144

180

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“…dopamine amacrine cells). In addition, it has been also reported that ipRGCs are the first cells in the retina to respond to light during development (Sekaran et al, 2005), that light pulses can induce c-fos in the ganglion cells at postnatal day 1 (Mateju et al, 2010) and that light transduction may occur in utero by day 17 of gestation in the mouse (Rao et al, 2013). Therefore ipRGGs may play a role in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm in the perinatal period of development in rodents.…”

Section: Relationship Of the Retinal Clock To The Scn Pacemakermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Retina and Other Light-sensitive Ocular Clocks

Besharse

McMahon

2016

J Biol Rhythms

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Ocular clocks, first identified in the retina, are also found in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), cornea and ciliary body. The retina is a complex tissue of many cell types and considerable effort has gone into determining which cell types exhibit clock properties. Current data suggest that photoreceptors as well as inner retinal neurons exhibit clock properties with photoreceptors dominating in non-mammalian vertebrates and inner retinal neurons dominating in mice. However, these differences may in part reflect the choice of circadian output, and it is likely that clock properties are widely dispersed among many retinal cell types. The phase of the retinal clock can be set directly by light. In non-mammalian vertebrates direct light sensitivity is commonplace among body clocks, but in mice only the retina and cornea retain direct light-dependent phase regulation. This distinguishes the retina and possibly other ocular clocks from peripheral oscillators whose phase depends on the pace-making properties of the hypothalamic central brain clock, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). However, in mice retinal circadian oscillations dampen quickly in isolation due to weak coupling of its individual cell autonomous oscillators and there is no evidence that retinal clocks are directly controlled through input from other oscillators. Retinal circadian regulation in both mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates uses melatonin and dopamine as dark- and light-adaptive neuromodulators respectively, and light can regulate circadian phase indirectly through dopamine signaling. The melatonin/dopamine system appears to have evolved among non-mammalian vertebrates and retained with modification in mammals. Circadian clocks in the eye are critical for optimum visual function where they play a role fine tuning visual sensitivity, and their disruption can impact diseases such as glaucoma or retinal degeneration syndromes.

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Expression and light sensitivity of clock genes Per1 and Per2 and immediate‐early gene c‐fos within the retina of early postnatal Wistar rats

Cited by 13 publications

References 65 publications

Wiring the retinal circuits activated by light during early development

Wiring the retinal circuits activated by light during early development

Circadian organization of the mammalian retina: From gene regulation to physiology and diseases

The Retina and Other Light-sensitive Ocular Clocks

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