Expression and characterization of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D in mammalian cell lines

Wellington, J. E.; Lawrence, Glenda; Love, Daria N.; Whalley, J. M.

doi:10.1007/bf01718301

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Such approach has already been reported for canine influenza, equine influenza virus, West Nile virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus, where virulence genes of these viruses were inserted into an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) vaccine [142-145]. The rationale behind the insertion of MYXV immunogenic genes into an equine pathogen is based on the fact that EHV1 grows extremely well in rabbit cells and hence, rabbit kidney (RK13) are the most commonly used in vitro cell line to grow EHV1 [146,147]. Still, despite this efficient growth in vitro, it needs to be determined whether EHV1 is capable of inducing robust immune responses in rabbits in vivo.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current status and future directions of myxoma virus, a master in immune evasion

Spiesschaert

McFadden

Hermans

et al. 2011

Vet Res

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Myxoma virus (MYXV) gained importance throughout the twentieth century because of the use of the highly virulent Standard Laboratory Strain (SLS) by the Australian government in the attempt to control the feral Australian population of Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) and the subsequent illegal release of MYXV in Europe. In the European rabbit, MYXV causes a disease with an exceedingly high mortality rate, named myxomatosis, which is passively transmitted by biting arthropod vectors. MYXV still has a great impact on European rabbit populations around the world. In contrast, only a single cutaneous lesion, restricted to the point of inoculation, is seen in its natural long-term host, the South-American Sylvilagus brasiliensis and the North-American S. Bachmani. Apart from being detrimental for European rabbits, however, MYXV has also become of interest in human medicine in the last two decades for two reasons. Firstly, due to the strong immune suppressing effects of certain MYXV proteins, several secreted virus-encoded immunomodulators (e.g. Serp-1) are being developed to treat systemic inflammatory syndromes such as cardiovascular disease in humans. Secondly, due to the inherent ability of MYXV to infect a broad spectrum of human cancer cells, the live virus is also being developed as an oncolytic virotherapeutic to treat human cancer. In this review, an update will be given on the current status of MYXV in rabbits as well as its potential in human medicine in the twenty-first century.Table of contentsAbstract1. The virus2. History3. Pathogenesis and disease symptoms4. Immunomodulatory proteins of MYXV4.1. MYXV proteins with anti-apoptotic functions4.1.1. Inhibition of pro-apoptotic molecules4.1.2. Inhibition by protein-protein interactions by ankyrin repeat viral proteins4.1.3. Inhibition of apoptosis by enhancing the degradation of cellular proteins4.1.4. Inhibition of apoptosis by blocking host Protein Kinase R (PKR)4.2. MYXV proteins interfering with leukocyte chemotaxis4.3. MYXV serpins that inhibit cellular pro-inflammatory or pro-apoptotic proteases4.4. MYXV proteins that interfere with leukocyte activation4.5. MYXV proteins with sequence similarity to HIV proteins4.6. MYXV proteins with unknown immune function5. Vaccination strategies against myxomatosis5.1. Current MYXV vaccines5.2. Vaccination campaigns to protect European rabbits in the wild6. Applications of myxoma virus for human medicine6.1. MYXV proteins as therapeutics for allograft vasculopathy and atherosclerosis6.2. Applications for MYXV as a live oncolytic virus to treat cancer7. Discussion and Conclusions8. List of AbbreviationsReferencesAuthor DetailsAuthors' contributionsCompeting interestsFigure LegendsAcknowledgements

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The current status and future directions of myxoma virus, a master in immune evasion

Spiesschaert

McFadden

Hermans

et al. 2011

Vet Res

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“…However, alignment of HSV-1 gD sequences indicates the conservation of certain continuous amino acid segments that could provide shared immunogenic responses. In addition, on the basis of the overall structure conservation of EHV-1 and HSV-1 gDs (21,22), certain conformational epitopes may be conserved and may contribute to the observed cross-neutralizing activity of VC2. Also, it is likely that a number of other viral proteins may contribute immunogenic determinants that are common to strains and that produce cross-neutralizing activity.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Vaccine Strain VC2 Expressing Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Glycoprotein D Generates Anti-EHV-1 Immune Responses in Mice

Liu

Stanfield

Chouljenko

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. Herein, we report that the liveattenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) VC2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and that the intramuscular immunization of mice results in strong antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. The VC2-EHV-1-gD recombinant virus was constructed by inserting an EHV-1 gD expression cassette under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter into the VC2 vector in place of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (UL23) gene. The vaccines were introduced into mice through intramuscular injection. Vaccination with both the VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine and the commercially available vaccine Vetera EHV XP 1/4 (Vetera; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) resulted in the production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which were significantly higher in comparison to those in VC2-and mock-vaccinated animals (P Ͻ 0.01 or P Ͻ 0.001). Analysis of EHV-1-reactive IgG subtypes demonstrated that vaccination with the VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine stimulated robust IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies after three vaccinations (P Ͻ 0.001). Interestingly, Vetera-vaccinated mice produced significantly higher levels of IgM than mice in the other groups before and after challenge (P Ͻ 0.01 or P Ͻ 0.05). Vaccination with VC2-EHV-1-gD stimulated strong cellular immune responses, characterized by the upregulation of both interferonand tumor necrosis factor-positive CD4 ϩ T cells and CD8 ϩ T cells. Overall, the data suggest that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain may be used as a viral vector for the vaccination of horses as well as, potentially, for the vaccination of other economically important animals.IMPORTANCE A novel virus-vectored VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine was constructed using the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain. This vaccine stimulated strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, suggesting that it could protect horses against EHV-1 infection.KEYWORDS EHV-1, HSV-1, equine herpesvirus, live vector vaccines, glycoprotein D, immune response, mouse model

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“…Unlike in other α-herpesviruses, ectopically expressed gD EHV−1 is retained in the Golgi complex, which is associated with the secondary envelopment process (34). Although a previous study showed that gD EHV−1 was detected on the cell membrane of CHO and RK13 cells, very weak uorescence on the cell membrane and strong signals in the cytoplasm were detected, also indirectly proving the Golgi retention phenotype of gD EHV−1 (51) . The present study demonstrated that gD EHV−1 Golgi retention might be achieved by inhibiting vesicle formation, which is mainly regulated by its TM-CT domain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

The transmembrane and cytosolic domains of equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein D determine Golgi retention by regulating vesicle formation

Zhang,

Wang,

Ren

et al. 2024

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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Expression and characterization of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D in mammalian cell lines

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

The current status and future directions of myxoma virus, a master in immune evasion

The current status and future directions of myxoma virus, a master in immune evasion

Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Vaccine Strain VC2 Expressing Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Glycoprotein D Generates Anti-EHV-1 Immune Responses in Mice

The transmembrane and cytosolic domains of equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein D determine Golgi retention by regulating vesicle formation

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