Expression and activity of trypsin and pepsin during larval development of the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus

Digestive system development and study of acid and alkaline protease digestive capacities using biochemical and molecular approaches in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) larvae

“…Another explanation for premature acid protease activity is the potential presence of catepsins that have intracellular activity in several tissues, and this could have occurred because whole larvae were processed as pools for preparation of enzymatic assays (Lazo et al 2007). Time shifts between pepsin activity and morphological development of gastric glands have also been observed in other species such as California halibut P. californicus (Á lvarez-González et al 2006), white seabass A. nobilis (Galaviz et al 2011), spotted rose snapper L. guttatus (Galaviz et al 2012) and Asian sea bass L. calcarifer (Srichanun et al 2013). The time sequence of gastric gland appearance and the maturation of the stomach vary among families, species and their reproductive guilds (Falk-Petersen 2005;Treviño et al 2011).…”

“…The development of the digestive system in totoaba larvae presented similarities with other marine fish species such as gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (Sarasquete et al 1995), spotted seabass P. maculatofasciatus (Peña et al 2003), California halibut Paralichthys californicus (Gisbert et al 2004), bullseye puffer S. annulatus (García-Gasca et al 2006), white seabass Atractoscion nobilis and spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus (Galaviz et al 2011(Galaviz et al , 2012, among others. In totoaba, the folding of the intestinal mucosa and differentiation of enterocytes, as well as the morphogenesis of the buccopharynx, esophagus and rectum, occurred between 3 and 5 dph, coinciding with the opening of the mouth and anus (4 dph) and the onset of exogenous feeding.…”

“…However, only few studies combine molecular and biochemical procedures to describe the relationship between the transcription of a digestive enzyme and its corresponding enzymatic activity, as reported for spotted sand bass Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Á lvarez- González et al 2008González et al , 2010, winter flounder Pleuronectus americanus (Douglas et al 1999;Murray et al 2004Murray et al , 2006, bullseye puffer Sphoeroides annulatus (García-Gasca et al 2006), Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Rungruangsak-Torrissen et al 2006), turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Chi et al 2013) and Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Srichanun et al 2013). Studies integrating the development of the digestive system with expression or activation of digestive enzymes during development of larvae are scarce (Péres et al 1998;Cahu et al 2004;García-Gasca et al 2006;Gisbert et al 2009;Galaviz et al 2011Galaviz et al , 2012. Most of the information during the development of the larvae has been generated based on studies dealing with the anatomical and histological organization of the digestive system or the quantification of expression or activity of digestive enzymes (pancreatic and intestinal).…”

Changes on digestive enzymes during initial ontogeny in the three-spot cichlid Cichlasoma trimaculatum

“…This is why, in recent years, this type of work has been accompanied by histology and genetic studies, in the detection of gastric cells and pepsinogens, such as those conducted in Oplegnathus fasciatus (He et al 2012) and L. guttatus (Galaviz et al 2012). However, when pepsin enzyme is detected, it is related with the start of acid digestion, increasing the capacity of hydrolysis of the proteins, improving the efficiency of extracellular digestion of the proteins, leaving the absorption of nutrients to the intestine (Govoni et al 1986;Yúfera and Darias 2007), and assuming the functionality of the stomach and the possibility of start an exogenous feeding with live feed or else the substitution from live feed to inert diets (Galaviz et al 2012).…”

“…Therefore, this type of research allows knowing the right time to make the provision of live feed, or else to replace live feed with balanced feed, thus achieving higher survival rates (Alarcón and Martínez 1998;Moyano 2006). This kind of studies has been conducted in several species both marine and freshwater; such is the case of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Ming-Ji and Chin-Feng 2006); spotted sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Á lvarez-González et al 2008(Á lvarez-González et al , 2010; tropical gar, Atractosteus tropicus (Frías-Quintana 2009); bay snook, Petenia splendida (Uscanga-Martínez et al 2011); common dentex, Dentex dentex (Gisbert et al 2009); Mayan cichlid, C. urophthalmus (López- ; white seabream, Atractoscion nobilis (Galaviz et al 2011); common snook, Centropomus undecimalis (Jiménez-Martínez et al 2012); spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus (Galaviz et al 2012); where several enzymes have been evaluated such as pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipases, amylases and phosphatases as they are directly involved in the digestive process. Additionally, it has been demonstrated in some species that before the first exogenous feed, they are fully competent to assimilate the nutrients from the diet (Zambonino-Infante and Cahu 1994;Ribeiro et al 1999;Cara et al 2003;Fabillo et al 2004).…”