Expressed Emotion: A Family Perspective

Hatfield, Agnes B.; Spaniol, LeRoy; Zipple, Anthony M.

doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.221

Cited by 109 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Robust assessment of psychosocial factors and interventions specifically focused on family psycho-education could play a pivotal role in reducing high EE and relapse of symptoms and facilitate a comprehensive care in patients with schizophrenia. The inclusion of educational sessions to caregivers about the etiology, symptoms, and management of schizophrenia, the use of medications, and family intervention programs focused on stress reduction, would enhance families' coping skills doi: 10.7243/2055-3447-1-4 and lessens their tendency to be critical [20] and contribute to reduced relapse and hospitalizations in patients with EE families [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressed emotion – a determinant of relapse in schizophrenia: a case report and literature review

Banerjee¹,

Retamero²

2014

J Psychiatry Brain Funct

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Expressed emotion (EE) pertains to care giver's attitude towards a person with a mental disorder. It is a characteristic of the family milieu that has been found to be one of the major psychosocial stressors and an important predictor of symptom relapse in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Research on EE was initiated early in the 1950s, and the researchers observed that close emotional ties between families could lead to minimum stimulation and social withdrawal by a patient suffering from schizophrenia. They also observed that such patients were more likely to relapse when living with close relatives who had negative attitudes. The communication patterns in families with high EE relatives are usually characterized by intense and confronting verbal exchanges. The authors present the case of a young African American male with acute relapse of symptoms of schizophrenia in the background of a family with high EE.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressed emotion – a determinant of relapse in schizophrenia: a case report and literature review

Banerjee¹,

Retamero²

2014

J Psychiatry Brain Funct

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“…The study of EE has been criticized for presenting an overly simplistic model of family factors in the context of caring for a relative with schizophrenia-a model in which the negative influence of the family on the course of illness is the primary focus (Hatfield et al, 1987). In response to such criticism, recent studies have sought to broaden our theoretical understanding of the construct of EE through suggesting more dynamic models in which the display and consequences of EE are recognized to stem from a combination of individual and external factors among both the caregiver and ill relative (Hooley and Gotlib, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressed Emotion and Health Outcomes Among Mexican-Americans With Schizophrenia and Their Caregiving Relatives

Breitborde

López

Kopelowicz

2010

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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Past studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between expressed emotion (EE) and relapse for individuals with schizophrenia. However, little attention has been directed toward exploring whether EE may have negative health consequences for caregivers as well. We recruited 60 Mexican-American family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia and examined whether EE predicted the health of caregivers and ill relatives approximately 13 months later. For caregiving relatives, the EE indices of emotional over-involvement and warmth were predictive of worse mental health among caregivers at follow-up. There was no association between EE and health outcome among individuals with schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that, among Mexican-Americans, family factors may be associated with health outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia and their caregiving relatives.

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“…As a result, researchers looked to factors other than symptomatology to explain the presence of EE, namely the behavior of the families. But many families perceived the research on EE to be another form of blaming them for the illness of their relatives, in the same vein as the theory of "schizophrenogenic" families had done in an earlier period (19).…”

Section: Expressed Emotion Within Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another argument leveled against the EE research has been its focus on just families, rather than measuring the presence of EE in other arenas that may influence the consumer, such as relationships between providers and consumers (19). In response, researchers have begun to examine EE among providers and their findings give more support to EE being a transactional phenomena and the importance of social behaviors.…”

Section: Ee Among Providersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bridging the Gap: Using Microsociological Theory to Understand How Expressed Emotion Predicts Clinical Outcomes

Stanhope

Solomon

2007

Psychiatr Q

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Research has shown that EE among families is a strong predictor of relapse for people with severe mental illness. Recent studies have also found the presence of EE in consumer-provider relationships. Despite high consistency in the findings related to EE and relapse, the concept has weak validity as little is known about how exactly it triggers relapse. Microsociological theory provides a framework with which to analyze social interaction and, more specifically, understand how interactions relate to the emotions of pride and shame. By identifying the components of interaction rituals, the theory provides insight into the key processes underlying EE and demonstrates how methodologies based on direct observation have the potential to measure EE with greater validity. This article describes how microsociological theory can be applied to the concept of expressed emotion (EE). Research has shown that EE among families is a strong predictor of relapse for people with severe mental illness. Recent studies have also found the presence of EE in consumerprovider relationships. Despite high consistency in the findings related to EE and relapse, the concept has weak validity as little is known about how exactly it triggers relapse.Microsociological theory provides a framework with which to analyze social interaction and, more specifically, understand how interactions relate to the emotions of pride and shame. By identifying the components of interaction rituals, the theory provides insight into the key processes underlying EE and demonstrates how methodologies based on direct observation have the potential to measure EE with greater validity. This article describes how microsociological theory can be applied to the concept of expressed emotion (EE).

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Expressed Emotion: A Family Perspective

Cited by 109 publications

References 14 publications

Expressed emotion – a determinant of relapse in schizophrenia: a case report and literature review

Expressed emotion – a determinant of relapse in schizophrenia: a case report and literature review

Expressed Emotion and Health Outcomes Among Mexican-Americans With Schizophrenia and Their Caregiving Relatives

Bridging the Gap: Using Microsociological Theory to Understand How Expressed Emotion Predicts Clinical Outcomes

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