“…A wide range of outcome measures was evaluated, namely, neurotrophins (NGF, 22 , 49 , 76 brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]), 25 , 49 cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-1β, and IL-10), 85 expression of opioid receptors (δ-opioid, κ-opioid, and μ-opioid), 75 , 77 whole-genome expression, 68 neuroinflammatory markers (astrocyte marker GFAP, 25 , 50 , 76 microglial markers CD11b/c, 25 , 50 and/or OX-42 25 ), nonneuronal cell proliferation, 84 , 85 substance-P, 77 TRPV1, 77 calcitonin gene–related protein (CGRP), 65 oxidative stress markers (lipid hydroperoxide, 24 nitric oxide metabolites, 24 malondialdehyde, 72 and carbonyl protein 72 ), and antioxidant enzymes (catalase activity, 24 , 72 superoxide dismutase, 24 , 72 and glutathione peroxidase 24 ). Moreover, the outcomes were measured at different locations, such as in the serum, nerve, DRG, spinal cord, and brain.…”