Exposures of children in Canada to 60-Hz magnetic and electric fields

Deadman, Jan-Erik; Armstrong, Ben; McBride, Mary L.; Gallagher, Richard P.; Thériault, Guylène

doi:10.5271/sjweh.447

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Most children completed the MF monitoring session shortly after diagnosis: 48% (186) within 2 months following diagnosis and 86% (332) within 4 months. The mean TWA was similar to that in other North American studies: 0.1 mT, with a 95th percentile value of 0.3 mT (Kaune and Zaffanella, 1994;Linet et al, 1997;Deadman et al, 1999). Table 2 summarises the MF exposure findings.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

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Magnetic field exposure and long-term survival among children with leukaemia

et al. 2006

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We examined the association between magnetic field (MF) exposure and survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treated at 51 Pediatric Oncology Group centres between 1996 and 2001. Of 1672 potentially eligible children under treatment, 482 (29%) participated and personal 24-h MF measurements were obtained from 412 participants. A total of 386 children with ALL and 361 with B-precursor ALL were included in the analysis of event-free survival (time from diagnosis to first treatment failure, relapse, secondary malignancy, or death) and overall survival. After adjustment for risk group and socioeconomic status, the event-free survival hazard ratio (HR) for children with measurements X0.3 mT was 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8, 4.9), compared to o0.1 mT. For survival, elevated HRs were found for children exposed to X0.3 mT (multivariate HR ¼ 4.5, 95% CI 1.5 -13.8) but based on only four deaths among 19 children. While risk was increased among children with exposures above 0.3 mT, the small numbers limited inferences for this finding.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…As has been seen in earlier studies, only 5% of the cohort (19 children) had a TWA above 0.3 mT (Kaune and Zaffanella, 1994;Linet et al, 1997;Deadman et al, 1999). Thus, we had limited ability to evaluate outcome among children exposed to more than 0.3 mT and could perform no meaningful analyses above 0.4 mT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Magnetic field exposure and long-term survival among children with leukaemia

et al. 2006

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“…Overall exposures were low, with a P95 value for our cohort of 0.3 T, somewhat lower than the P95 of 0.35 T noted among Canadian children (Deadman et al, 1999 ). When two outlier points were removed, day TWAs were higher than night TWAs in all 3 years, consistent with findings reported by Deadman et al ( 1999 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The range of mean 24 -h TWAs among our cohort of children across all 3 years ( 0.11 -0.13 T ) was similar to personal exposure results reported in other studies of children ( Kaune and Zaffanella, 1994;Linet et al, 1997;Zaffanella and Kalton, 1998;Deadman et al, 1999 ). Overall exposures were low, with a P95 value for our cohort of 0.3 T, somewhat lower than the P95 of 0.35 T noted among Canadian children (Deadman et al, 1999 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 43%

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Correlation of year-to-year magnetic field exposure metrics among children in a leukemia survival study

Foliart

Iriye

Silva

et al. 2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The Childhood Leukemia Survival Study is examining the possible association between magnetic field exposure and survival of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia ( ALL ). We report the results of serial 24 -h personal magnetic field monitoring for 412 US and Canadian children and present the correlations between annual values. The mean time -weighted average ( TWA ) and geometric mean ( GM ) were similar for first, second, and third year measurements [ TWA: 0.11 T (n = 412 ), 0.13 T (n = 304 ), and 0.12 T (n = 134 ), respectively ]. There were no consistent differences in mean TWA or GM based on age or gender. Significantly lower mean TWA and GM were found for children living in rural areas. Higher exposures were noted among children living in urban areas, among apartments dwellers, and those living in rental homes. Measurements taken during summer months and among children residing in the northeast and Canada also tended to be higher. Correlations for most metrics were increased among children who had annual measurements performed during the same season. The metric with the highest year -to -year correlation was the GM. The lowest correlations were found for metrics estimating field intermittency and temporal stability. First to second year GMs were well correlated when taken in the same home ( Spearman rank correlation = 0.70 ), but a lower correlation ( 0.44 ) was noted among residentially mobile children. Our findings suggest that summarizing exposure using a single measurement of GM can estimate exposures for residentially stable children, but is not a good predictor of personal exposures among children who change residence during the study interval.

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Temporal trends and misclassification in residential 60 Hz magnetic field measurements

Banks

Thomas

Mandel

et al. 2002

Bioelectromagnetics

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This research addressed the question of how well measurement data collected during a single visit, made at an arbitrary hour of day, day of week, and season, estimate longer term residential 60 Hz magnetic field levels. We made repeat spot and 24 h measurements in 51 children's home, located in the Detroit, MI, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN metropolitan areas, on a regular bimonthly schedule over a 1 year period, as well as a single 2 week measurement, for total of eight visits, producing 21 days of data for each residence. We defined the long term estimate (LTE) as the geometric mean of all available 24 h geometric means from the first six bimonthly visits. The LTE served as the reference level for assessing seasonal, day of week, and diurnal effects, as well as the potential for misclassification. We found a small, but statistically significant (P<.05), seasonal effect, with levels approximately 3% lower than the LTE in the spring and about 4% greater during the summer. No effect was found for day of week. However, we did find a systematic and appreciable diurnal effect, suggesting that, for example, an evening spot measurement may overestimate the LTE by 20% or more. We also assessed how well the 24 h measurement from the last visit, which was not used in calculation of the LTE, estimated the LTE. We found a high degree of correlation (r=.92) and fair to good agreement using four exposure categories (kappa=.53). Thus, the 24 h measurement appears to be a satisfactory LTE estimator. However, this finding must be interpreted with caution since considerable unexplained variability was present among the repeat 24 h measurements in about one-third of the homes. While the 2 week measurement does somewhat decrease exposure misclassification, its added intrusiveness and cost are likely to outweigh the improved precision.

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Exposures of children in Canada to 60-Hz magnetic and electric fields

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Magnetic field exposure and long-term survival among children with leukaemia

Magnetic field exposure and long-term survival among children with leukaemia

Correlation of year-to-year magnetic field exposure metrics among children in a leukemia survival study

Temporal trends and misclassification in residential 60 Hz magnetic field measurements

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